Erythronium




For the chemical element formerly named erythronium, see vanadium.













































Erythronium

Dent-de-chien.JPG

Erythronium dens-canis

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Plantae

Clade:
Angiosperms

Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Liliaceae
Subfamily:
Lilioideae
Tribe:
Lilieae
Genus:
Erythronium
L.

Type species

Erythronium dens-canis
L.


Synonyms[1]



  • Mithridatium Adans. 1763, illegitimate superfluous name


  • Dens-canis Tourn. ex Rupp. 1745, not validly published



Erythronium (fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet, adder's tongue) is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family,[2][3][4][5][6] most closely related to tulips.[7] The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis.[7]




Contents






  • 1 Species


    • 1.1 Formerly included




  • 2 Uses


  • 3 References


  • 4 Bibliography





Species


Erythronium includes about 20–30 species of hardy spring-flowering perennial plants with long, tooth-like bulbs. Slender stems carry pendent flowers with recurved tepals in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are native to forests and meadows in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.[1][8][9]








































































































































































Species
 Common name
 Distribution

Erythronium albidum Nutt.
 small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lily
Ontario, east-central United States (MN to CT south to TX, AL)

Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl.
 trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violet Eastern Canada (Ontario to Labrador), Eastern United States (ME to GA, West to Mississippi River)

Erythronium californicum Purdy
 California fawn-lily Northern California

Erythronium caucasicum Woronow
 Caucasian dog's tooth violet
Caucasus, Iran

Erythronium citrinum S. Wats.
 cream fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California

Erythronium dens-canis L.
 dog's-tooth violet Southern, Central Europe from Portugal to Ukraine

Erythronium elegans Hammond & Chambers
 Coast Range fawn-lily
Oregon

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh
 dogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lily western Canada, western United States

Erythronium helenae Applegate
 Pacific fawn-lily
California (Sonoma, Napa, Lake Cos.)

Erythronium hendersonii S. Wats.
 Henderson's fawn-lily
Oregon, Northern California

Erythronium howellii S. Wats.
 Howell's fawn-lily
Oregon, Northern California

Erythronium idahoense H.St.John & G.N.Jones -
 Idaho fawn-lily
Montana, Idaho, Washington State

Erythronium japonicum Decne.
 katakuri Japan, Korea, Russia (Kuril Islands, Sakhalin), China (Jilin, Liaoning)

Erythronium klamathense Applegate
 Klamath fawn-lily
Oregon, Northern California

Erythronium krylovii Stepanov
 Tuvan trout-lily Russia (Tuva, Krasnoyarsk)

Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr
 midland fawn-lily, white fawn-lily Central United States (TX to NE, IN)

Erythronium montanum S. Wats.
 avalanche lily, white avalanche-lily
BC, Washington State, Oregon

Erythronium multiscapideum (Kellogg) A. Nels. & Kennedy
 Sierra fawn-lily
California

Erythronium oregonum Applegate
 giant white fawn-lily
BC, Washington, California, Oregon

Erythronium pluriflorum Shevock, Bartel & Allen
 manyflower fawn-lily
Madera Co in California

Erythronium propullans Gray
 dwarf trout-lily
Minnesota

Erythronium purpurascens S. Wats.
 purple fawn-lily
California

Erythronium pusaterii (Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & Allen
 Kaweah Lakes fawn-lily
Tulare Co in California

Erythronium quinaultense G A Allen
 Olympic fawn-lily
Olympic Peninsula in Washington State

Erythronium revolutum Sm.
 mahogany fawn-lily
BC, Washington State, Oregon, California

Erythronium rostratum W. Wolf
 yellow trout-lily south-central United States

Erythronium sajanense Stepanov & Stassova
Krasnoyarsk in Russia

Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Krylov
 Siberian fawn-lily
Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia

Erythronium sulevii (Rukšans) Stepanov
Altay Krai in Russia

Erythronium taylorii Shevock & G A Allen
 Taylor's fawn-lily
Tuolumne Co California

Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate
 Tuolumne fawn-lily
Tuolumne Co in California

Erythronium umbilicatum Parks & Hardin
 dimpled trout-lily southeastern United States (Florida to Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland)


  • Photos




  • Erythronium albidum







  • Erythronium americanum







  • Erythronium californicum







  • Erythronium citrinum







  • Erythronium dens-canis







  • Erythronium grandiflorum







  • Erythronium helenae







  • Erythronium hendersonii







  • Erythronium japonicum







  • Erythronium montanum







  • Erythronium oregonum







  • Erythronium propullans







  • Erythronium purpurascens







  • Erythronium purpurascens, end of blooming







  • Erythronium revolutum







  • Erythronium sibiricum






Formerly included


Two species names were coined using the name Erythronium but have since been reclassified to other taxa.




  • Erythronium carolinianum, now called Uvularia perfoliata


  • Erythronium hyacinthoides, now called Drimia indica



Uses


The bulb is edible as a root vegetable, cooked or dried, and can be ground into flour. The leaves can also be cooked as a leaf vegetable. In Japan, Erythronium japonicum is called katakuri, and the bulb is processed to produce starch, which is used for food and other purposes.


They are also widely grown as ornamental plants, with numerous hybrids and cultivars having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include Erythronium 'Pagoda', E. 'Sundisc', E. 'Joanna', E. 'Kondo', E. 'Citronella', E. californicum 'White Beauty', and E. 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.



References





  1. ^ ab "Erythronium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Erythronium". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria.


  3. ^ Chen, Xinqi; Tamura, Minoru N. "Erythronium". Flora of China. 24 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.


  4. ^ "Dente di cane, Dog's Tooth Violet, genere Erythronium". Altervista Flora Italiana.


  5. ^ Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K..


  6. ^ Clennett, C. (2014). The genus Erythronium: 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.


  7. ^ ab Allen, Geraldine A.; Robertson, Kenneth R. (2002). "Erythronium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.


  8. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.


  9. ^ "Erythronium". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.




Bibliography


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  • "Erythronium 'Pagoda'". Royal Horrticultural Society. Retrieved 17 March 2014.


  • Clennett, John C. B.; Chase, Mark W.; Forest, Félix; Maurin, Olivier; Wilkin, Paul (December 2012). "Phylogenetic systematics of Erythronium (Liliaceae): morphological and molecular analyses". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 170 (4): 504–528. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01302.x.















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