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Groupers
Malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Serranidae
Subfamily:	Epinephelinae
Genera
Alphestes Anyperodon Aethaloperca Cephalopholis Chromileptes Dermatolepis Epinephelus Gonioplectrus Gracila Hyporthodus Mycteroperca Paranthias Plectropomus Saloptia Triso Variola

Groupers are fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, in the order Perciformes.

Not all serranids are called groupers; the family also includes the sea basses. The common name grouper is usually given to fish in one of two large genera: Epinephelus and Mycteroperca. In addition, the species classified in the small genera Anyperidon, Cromileptes, Dermatolepis, Gracila, Saloptia, and Triso are also called groupers. Fish in the genus Plectropomus are referred to as coralgroupers. These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae. However, some of the hamlets (genus Alphestes), the hinds (genus Cephalopholis), the lyretails (genus Variola) and some other small genera (Gonioplectrus, Niphon, Paranthias) are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word "grouper". Nonetheless, the word "grouper" on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae.

Description

Anatomy of a grouper

Groupers are teleosts, typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance, fast swimming. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100 kg are not uncommon,^{[citation needed]} though obviously in such a large group, species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx. They habitually eat fish, octopuses, and crustaceans. Some species prefer to ambush their prey, while other species are active predators. Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species, the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) are unconfirmed.^[1]

Their mouths and gills form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills.

Research indicates roving coralgroupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus) sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting.^[2]

Systematics

Etymology

The word "grouper" is from the Portuguese name, garoupa. The origin of this name in Portuguese is believed to be from an indigenous South American language.^[3][4]

In Australia, "groper" is used instead of "grouper" for several species, such as the Queensland grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). In the Philippines, it is named lapu-lapu in Luzon, while in the Visayas and Mindanao it goes by the name pugapo.^{[citation needed]} In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreckfish, Polyprion oxygeneios, which goes by the Māori name hāpuku.^[5] In the Middle East, the fish is known as hammour, and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region.^[6][7]

Genus

Image	Genus	Common Name	Number of Living Species
	Alphestes		3
	Anyperodon	slender grouper	1
	Aethaloperca	Redmouth grouper	1
	Cephalopholis	Maples	25
	Cromileptes	Humpback grouper	1
	Dermatolepis		2
	Epinephelus		89
	Gonioplectrus	Spanish flag	1
	Gracila	Masked Grouper	1
	Hyporthodus		14
	Mycteroperca		15
	Paranthias		2
	Plectropomus		7
	Saloptia		1
	Triso		1
	Variola		2

Reproduction

Groupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, i.e. they mature only as females and have the ability to change sex after sexual maturity.^[8][9] Some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally adolescent until they reach three kilograms, when they become female. The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females.^[8][10] Groupers often pair spawn, which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing.^{[8][11][12][13]} As such, if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male, its fitness would decrease.^[11][12][13] If no male is available, the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so.^[12]

However, some groupers are gonochoristic.^[8] Gonochorism, or a reproductive strategy with two distinct sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at least five times.^[8] The evolution of gonochorism is linked to group spawning high amounts of habitat cover.^[8][12][14] Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male to reproduce in the presence of large males. Fitness of male groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is not possible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size.^[10][12][15] Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers (10% of body mass compared to 1% of body mass), indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude small males from reproducing.^[10]

Parasites

A monogenean parasitic on the gill of a grouper

As other fish, groupers harbour parasites, including digeneans,^[16]nematodes, cestodes, monogeneans, isopods, and copepods.
A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated groupers have about 10 species of parasites per fish species.^[17] Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, monogeneans of the family Diplectanidae are typical of and especially numerous on groupers.

Modern use

Gulai kerapu, a grouper-based Padang food

Many groupers are important food fish, and some of them are now farmed. Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers are usually sold live in markets.^[18] Many species are popular fish for sea-angling. Some species are small enough to be kept in aquaria, though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly.^{[citation needed]}

Groupers are commonly reported as a source of Ciguatera fish poisoning. DNA barcoding of grouper species might help in controlling Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified, even from meal remnants, with molecular tools.^[19]

Size

Malaysian newspaper The Star reported a 180-kg (397-lb) grouper being caught off the waters near Pulau Sembilan in the Straits of Malacca in January 2008.^[20] Shenzhen News in China reported that a 1.8-m grouper swallowed a 1.0-m whitetip reef shark at the Fuzhou Sea World aquarium.^[21]

In September 2010, a Costa Rican newspaper reported a 2.3-m (7.5-ft) grouper in Cieneguita, Limón. The weight of the fish was 250 kg (550 lb) and it was lured using one kilogram of bait.^[22] In November 2013, a 310-kg (686-lb) grouper had been caught and sold to a hotel in Dongyuan, China.^[23]

In August 2014 off Bonita Springs in Florida (USA) a big grouper took in one gulp a 4-foot shark which an angler had caught.^[24][25]

Cultural references

• The grouper is depicted on the reverse side of the 100-Brazilian reais banknote. In Aruba, the 500-Aruban guilder banknote also features a grouper in one of its faces.^{[citation needed]}
  


• KRI Kerapu is an Indonesian Navy ship. Kerapu is Indonesian word for grouper.


• 
  The USS Grouper was a United States Navy submarine.


• In the spoken Arabic of the GCC states, the word for the most prized type of grouper, or hamour, is also used to signify a merchant of vast wealth and influence.^{[citation needed]}
  

See also

• Dusky grouper

References

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Grouper.

• ARKive – images and movies of the humpback grouper (Chromileptes altivelis)
  


• 
  Media related to Epinephelinae at Wikimedia Commons