Catalase













































Catalase
PDB 7cat EBI.jpg
Identifiers
Symbol Catalase
Pfam PF00199
InterPro IPR011614
PROSITE PDOC00395
SCOP 7cat
SUPERFAMILY 7cat
OPM superfamily 370
OPM protein 3e4w
CDD cd00328




























































Catalase
Identifiers
EC number 1.11.1.6
CAS number 9001-05-2
Databases
IntEnz IntEnz view
BRENDA BRENDA entry
ExPASy NiceZyme view
KEGG KEGG entry
MetaCyc metabolic pathway
PRIAM profile

PDB structures		 RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO











































































CAT
Catalase Structure.png







Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB



Identifiers
Aliases
CAT, catalase
External IDs MGI: 88271 HomoloGene: 55514 GeneCards: CAT


















Gene location (Human)
Chromosome 11 (human)
Chr. Chromosome 11 (human)[1]

Chromosome 11 (human)
Genomic location for CAT

Genomic location for CAT

Band 11p13 Start 34,438,925 bp[1]
End 34,472,062 bp[1]























RNA expression pattern

PBB GE CAT 211922 s at fs.png

PBB GE CAT 201432 at fs.png
More reference expression data















Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez


847


12359
Ensembl


ENSG00000121691


ENSMUSG00000027187
UniProt


P04040


P24270
RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_001752


NM_009804
RefSeq (protein)


NP_001743


NP_033934
Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 34.44 – 34.47 Mb Chr 2: 103.45 – 103.49 Mb

PubMed search		 [3] [4]
Wikidata



View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.[5] It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Likewise, catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second.[6]


Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long.[7] It contains four iron-containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to react with the hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7,[8] and has a fairly broad maximum: the rate of reaction does not change appreciably between pH 6.8 and 7.5.[9] The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species.[10] The optimum temperature also varies by species.[11]




Contents






  • 1 Structure


  • 2 History


  • 3 Function


    • 3.1 Reaction


    • 3.2 Molecular mechanism


    • 3.3 Cellular role




  • 4 Distribution among organisms


  • 5 Clinical significance and application


    • 5.1 Bacterial identification (catalase test)


    • 5.2 Bacterial virulence


    • 5.3 Acatalasia


    • 5.4 Gray hair




  • 6 Interactions


  • 7 See also


  • 8 References


  • 9 External links





Structure


Human catalase forms a tetramer composed of four subunits, each of which can be conceptually divided into four domains.[12] The extensive core of each subunit is generated by an eight-stranded antiparallel b-barrel (b1-8), with nearest neighbor connectivity capped by b-barrel loops on one side and a9 loops on the other.[12] A helical domain at one face of the b-barrel is composed of four C-terminal helices (a16, a17, a18, and a19) and four helices derived from residues between b4 and b5 (a4, a5, a6, and a7).[12] Alternative splicing may result in different protein variants.



History


Catalase was not noticed until 1818 when Louis Jacques Thénard, who discovered H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), suggested its breakdown is caused by an unknown substance. In 1900, Oscar Loew was the first to give it the name catalase, and found it in many plants and animals.[13] In 1937 catalase from beef liver was crystallised by James B. Sumner and Alexander Dounce[14] and the molecular weight was found in 1938.[15]


The amino acid sequence of bovine catalase was determined in 1969,[16] and the three-dimensional structure in 1981.[17]



Function



Reaction


2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2

The presence of catalase in a microbial or tissue sample can be demonstrated by adding hydrogen peroxide and observing the reaction. The production of oxygen can be seen by the formation of bubbles. This easy test, which can be seen with the naked eye, without the aid of instruments, is possible because catalase has a very high specific activity, which produces a detectable response, as well as the fact that one of the products is a gas.



Molecular mechanism


While the complete mechanism of catalase is not currently known,[18] the reaction is believed to occur in two stages:


H2O2 + Fe(III)-E → H2O + O=Fe(IV)-E(.+)

H2O2 + O=Fe(IV)-E(.+) → H2O + Fe(III)-E + O2[18]

Here Fe()-E represents the iron center of the heme group attached to the enzyme. Fe(IV)-E(.+) is a mesomeric form of Fe(V)-E, meaning the iron is not completely oxidized to +V, but receives some stabilising electron density from the heme ligand, which is then shown as a radical cation (.+).


As hydrogen peroxide enters the active site, it interacts with the amino acids Asn148 (asparagine at position 148) and His75, causing a proton (hydrogen ion) to transfer between the oxygen atoms. The free oxygen atom coordinates, freeing the newly formed water molecule and Fe(IV)=O. Fe(IV)=O reacts with a second hydrogen peroxide molecule to reform Fe(III)-E and produce water and oxygen.[18] The reactivity of the iron center may be improved by the presence of the phenolate ligand of Tyr358 in the fifth coordination position, which can assist in the oxidation of the Fe(III) to Fe(IV). The efficiency of the reaction may also be improved by the interactions of His75 and Asn148 with reaction intermediates.[18] In general, the rate of the reaction can be determined by the Michaelis-Menten equation.[19]


Catalase can also catalyze the oxidation, by hydrogen peroxide, of various metabolites and toxins, including formaldehyde, formic acid, phenols, acetaldehyde and alcohols. It does so according to the following reaction:


H2O2 + H2R → 2H2O + R

The exact mechanism of this reaction is not known.


Any heavy metal ion (such as copper cations in copper(II) sulfate) can act as a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase. Furthermore, the poison cyanide is a noncompetitive inhibitor[20] of catalase at high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.[21]Arsenate acts as an activator.[22] Three-dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the Protein Data Bank.



Cellular role


Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes; to prevent damage to cells and tissues, it must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this end, catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less-reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules.[23]


Mice genetically engineered to lack catalase are initially phenotypically normal.,[24] however, catalase deficiency in mice may increase the likelihood of developing obesity, fatty liver,[25] and type 2 diabetes.[26] Some humans have very low levels of catalase (acatalasia), yet show few ill effects.


The increased oxidative stress that occurs with aging in mice is alleviated by over-expression of catalase.[27] Over-expressing mice do not exhibit the age-associated loss of spermatozoa, testicular germ and Sertoli cells seen in wild-type mice. Oxidative stress in wild-type mice ordinarily induces oxidative DNA damage (measured as 8-oxodG) in sperm with aging, but these damages are significantly reduced in aged catalase over-expressing mice.[27] Furthermore, these over-expressing mice show no decrease in age-dependent number of pups per litter. Overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria extends the lifespan of mice.[28]


Catalase is usually located in a cellular organelle called the peroxisome.[29] Peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration (the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen (N2) to reactive nitrogen atoms). Hydrogen peroxide is used as a potent antimicrobial agent when cells are infected with a pathogen. Catalase-positive pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter jejuni, make catalase to deactivate the peroxide radicals, thus allowing them to survive unharmed within the host.[30]


Like alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, but it is unlikely that this reaction is physiologically significant.[31]



Distribution among organisms


The large majority of known organisms use catalase in every organ, with particularly high concentrations occurring in the liver in mammals.[32] One unique use of catalase occurs in the bombardier beetle. This beetle has two sets of liquids that are stored separately in two paired glands. The larger of the pair, the storage chamber or reservoir, contains hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide, while the smaller, the reaction chamber, contains catalases and peroxidases. To activate the noxious spray, the beetle mixes the contents of the two compartments, causing oxygen to be liberated from hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen oxidizes the hydroquinones and also acts as the propellant.[33] The oxidation reaction is very exothermic (ΔH = −202.8 kJ/mol) and rapidly heats the mixture to the boiling point.[34]


Almost all aerobic microorganisms use catalase. It is also present in some anaerobic microorganisms, such as Methanosarcina barkeri.[35] Catalase is also universal among plants and occurs in most fungi.[36]


Long-lived queens of the termite Reticulitermes speratus have significantly lower oxidative damage to their DNA than non-reproductive individuals (workers and soldiers).[37] Queens have more than two times higher catalase activity and seven times higher expression levels of the catalase gene RsCAT1 than workers.[37] It appears that the efficient antioxidant capability of termite queens can partly explain how they attain longer life.


Catalase enzymes from various species have vastly differing optimum temperatures. Poikilothermic animals typically have catalases with optimum temperatures in the range of 15-25 °C, while mammalian or avian catalases might have optimum temperatures above 35 °C,[38][39] and catalases from plants vary depending on their growth habit.[38] In contrast, catalase isolated from the hyperthermophile archaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis has a temperature optimum of 90 °C.[40]



Clinical significance and application




Hydrogen peroxide


Catalase is used in the food industry for removing hydrogen peroxide from milk prior to cheese production.[41] Another use is in food wrappers where it prevents food from oxidizing.[42] Catalase is also used in the textile industry, removing hydrogen peroxide from fabrics to make sure the material is peroxide-free.[43]


A minor use is in contact lens hygiene – a few lens-cleaning products disinfect the lens using a hydrogen peroxide solution; a solution containing catalase is then used to decompose the hydrogen peroxide before the lens is used again.[44]



Bacterial identification (catalase test)




Positive catalase reaction


The catalase test is one of the three main tests used by microbiologists to identify species of bacteria. If the bacteria possess catalase (i.e., are catalase-positive), when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are observed. The catalase test is done by placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a microscope slide. An applicator stick is touched to the colony, and the tip is then smeared onto the hydrogen peroxide drop.



  • If the mixture produces bubbles or froth, the organism is said to be 'catalase-positive'. Staphylococci[45] and Micrococci[46] are catalase-positive. Other catalase-positive organisms include Listeria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, the family Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia), Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Rhodococcus equi.

  • If not, the organism is 'catalase-negative'. Streptococcus[47] and Enterococcus spp. are catalase-negative.


While the catalase test alone cannot identify a particular organism, it can aid identification when combined with other tests such as antibiotic resistance. The presence of catalase in bacterial cells depends on both the growth condition and the medium used to grow the cells.


Capillary tubes may also be used. A small sample of bacteria is collected on the end of the capillary tube, without blocking the tube, to avoid false negative results. The opposite end is then dipped into hydrogen peroxide, which is drawn into the tube through capillary action, and turned upside down, so that the bacterial points downwards. The hand holding the tube is then tapped on the bench, moving the hydrogen peroxide down until it touches the bacteria. If bubbles form on contact, this indicates a positive catalase result. This test can detect catalase-positive bacteria at concentrations above about 105 cells/mL,[48] and is simple to use.



Bacterial virulence


Neutrophils and other phagocytes use peroxide to kill bacteria. The enzyme NADPH oxidase generates superoxide within the phagosome, which is converted via hydrogen peroxide to other oxidising substances like hypochlorous acid which kill phagocytosed pathogens.[49] In individuals with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) there is a defect in producing peroxide via mutations in phagocyte oxidases such as myeloperoxidase.[50] Normal cellular metabolism will still produce a small amount of peroxide and this peroxide can be used to produce hypochlorous acid to eradicate the bacterial infection. However, if individuals with CGD are infected with catalase-positive bacteria, the bacterial catalase can destroy the excess peroxide before it can be used to produce other oxidising substances. In these individuals the pathogen survives and becomes a chronic infection. This chronic infection is typically surrounded by macrophages in an attempt to isolate the infection. This wall of macrophages surrounding a pathogen is called a granuloma. Many bacteria are catalase positive, but some are better catalase-producers than others. The mnemonic "cats Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs" can be used to memorise the catalase-positive bacteria: nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E. coli, staphylococcus, serratia, B. cepacia and H. pylori.[51]



Acatalasia


Acatalasia is a condition caused by homozygous mutations in CAT, resulting in a lack of catalase. Symptoms are mild and include oral ulcers. A heterozygous CAT mutation results in lower, but still present catalase.[52]



Gray hair


Low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process of human hair. Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body and broken down by catalase. If catalase levels decline, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down so well. The hydrogen peroxide interferes with the production of melanin, the pigment that gives hair its color.[53][54]



Interactions


Catalase has been shown to interact with the ABL2[55] and Abl genes.[55] Infection with the murine leukemia virus causes catalase activity to decline in the lungs, heart and kidneys of mice. Conversely, dietary fish oil increased catalase activity in the heart, and kidneys of mice.[56]



See also



  • Enzyme kinetics

  • Glutathione peroxidase

  • Peroxidase

  • Superoxide dismutase



References





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External links




  • "GenAge entry for CAT (Homo sapiens)". Human Ageing Genomic Resources. Retrieved 2009-03-05.


  • "Catalase". MadSci FAQ. madsci.org. Retrieved 2009-03-05.


  • "Catalase and oxidase test video". Regnvm Prokaryotae. Retrieved 2009-03-05.


  • "EC 1.11.1.6 - catalase". Brenda: The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System. Retrieved 2009-03-05.


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12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun

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12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun Type 89 gun mounted on Chitose Type Naval gun anti-aircraft gun Place of origin Japan Service history In service 1932–45 Used by Imperial Japanese Navy Wars World War II Production history Designed 1928–32 Produced 1932–45 No.  built ~1500 Variants Type 88 Specifications Mass 3,100 kilograms (6,834 lb) Barrel length 5,080 millimeters (16 ft 8 in) (bore length) Shell Fixed Shell weight 20.9–23.45 kilograms (46.1–51.7 lb) Caliber 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Breech horizontal breech block Elevation -8° to +90° [1] Rate of fire 8-14 rounds per minute Muzzle velocity 720–725 meters per second (2,360–2,380 ft/s) Maximum firing range 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at 90° (AA ceiling) 14,800 meters (48,600 ft) at 45° The 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA...
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Rikitea

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Town in French Polynesia, France Rikitea Town Rikitea Location in French Polynesia Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Country   France Overseas collectivity   French Polynesia Territory Gambier Islands Island Mangareva Rikitea is a small town on Mangareva, which is part of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. A majority of the islanders live in Rikitea. [1] [2] The island was a protectorate of France in 1871 and was annexed in 1881. [3] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Landmarks 5 Transportation 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History The town's history dates to the era when the island was first settled with people from the Marquesas Islands in 1100 AD. Captain James Wilson of the London Missionary Society arrived in 1797 on Du...
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University of Vienna

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"Vienna University" redirects here. For Vienna University of Economics and Business, see Vienna University of Economics and Business. University of Vienna Universität Wien Type Public Established 1365 Budget € 544 million [1] Rector Heinz Engl Academic staff 6,765 Administrative staff 3,106 Students 94,000 [2] Postgraduates 16,490 Doctoral students 8,945 Location Main building, Vienna , Austria 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Coordinates: 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Campus Urban Colors Blue and White           Affiliations Campus Europae, EUA, UNICA Website www.univie.ac.at/en Data as of 2016 [update] The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the Ge...
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