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Surabaya
City
City of Surabaya Kota Surabaya
Other transcription(s)
• Javanese	ꦯꦸꦫꦧꦪ
• Chinese	泗水
• Tamil	சூராபயா
• Arabic	سورابايا
From top, left to right : Surabaya Central Park, Graha SA Surabaya Building, Sanggar Agung Temple, Suramadu Bridge at night, Surabaya Carnival Park, Museum 10 November, one of the Hindus temple in Surabaya (Pura Jagatnatha Perak), and UNESA Lake.
Seal
Nickname(s): Kota Pahlawan (City of Heroes)
Motto(s): Sparkling Surabaya
Location within East Java
Surabaya Location in Java and Indonesia Show map of Java Surabaya Surabaya (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia Surabaya Surabaya (Asia) Show map of Asia Surabaya Surabaya (Earth) Show map of Earth
Coordinates: 7°15′55″S 112°44′33″E / 7.26528°S 112.74250°E / -7.26528; 112.74250Coordinates: 7°15′55″S 112°44′33″E / 7.26528°S 112.74250°E / -7.26528; 112.74250
Country	Indonesia
Region	Java
Province	East Java
Settled	31 May 1293
Government
• Mayor	Tri Rismaharini
• Vice Mayor	Wisnu Sakti Buana
Area
• City	350.5 km2 (135.3 sq mi)
• Urban	2,787 km2 (1,076 sq mi)
• Metro	5,925 km2 (2,288 sq mi)
Elevation	5 m (16 ft)
Population (2015 census[1])
• City	3,457,409
• Density	9,900/km2 (26,000/sq mi)
• Urban	8,319,229
• Urban density	3,000/km2 (7,700/sq mi)
• Metro	13,123,948
• Metro density	2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Suroboyoan
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	List Javanese, Chinese, Indian, Madurese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Batak, Banjar, Balinese, Bugis, Malay, Arabs
• Religion[2]	Islam 80.13% Christianity 9.12% Catholicism 8.98% Hinduism 0.26% Buddhism 1.49% Confucianism 0.01%
Time zone	UTC+07:00
Postal Code	60xxx, 61xxx
Area code	(+62) 31
Vehicle registration	L (for Motor vehicle), SKB (for Rickshaw)
Airport	Juanda International Airport
Commuter Rail	Susi Commuter DMU, Sulam Commuter DMU, Jenggala DMU, KA Lokal Bojonegoro DMU, Kertosono Local Train, Arek Surokerto DMU
Rapid Transit	Surabaya LRT and MRT (planned)
Website	surabaya.go.id

Surabaya (Indonesian pronunciation: [suraˈbaja]) is the capital of East Java province in Indonesia. Surabaya is the second-largest city in Indonesia with a population of over 3 million within the city proper and over 10 million in the Greater Surabaya metropolitan area, known as Gerbangkertosusila.^[1] Located on northeastern Java on the Madura Strait, it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies, larger than Batavia (present day Jakarta) and the centre of trading in the nation, which was then a competitor of Shanghai and Hong Kong.^[3] Today the city remains one of the important financial hubs of the Indonesian archipelago, arguably second only to Jakarta, and the Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia's second-busiest seaport.

History

Etymology

Fighting shark and crocodile, the emblem of Surabaya city applied since colonial times, derived from local folk etymology

Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya, a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom, foreseeing a fight between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area, which is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java, a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit in 1293.^[4][5] The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo.

Alternate derivations proliferate: from the Javanese sura ing baya, meaning "bravely facing danger";^[5] or from the use of surya to refer to the sun. Some people consider Jayabaya's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies, though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable.

Dutch residenthuis (resident house) along the water in Surabaya

Red Bridge area from the air in the 1920s

Early history

Map of Surabaya from an 1897 English travel guide

The Kingdom of Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua, in which it was called Jung-ya-lu.^[6] The name Janggala was probably originated from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese source. Hujung Galuh was located on the estuarine of Brantas River and today is the part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency.

By the 14th to 15th centuries, Surabaya seems to be one of Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban, Gresik, and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan: "after traveling south for more than 20 li, the ship reached Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh".^[7]

Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in the 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana. He describes his travel to Majapahit capital, first he arrived to the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Chou Chang. Then, he sailed east to thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to southwest until reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed.^[8]

Precolonial era

By late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel Denta, located around Ampel Mosque in today Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by a charismatic Islamic proselytizer Sunan Ampel.

In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy, a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.^[9] At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port,^[10] owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and on the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea.^[11] During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate, and only submitted to its rule in 1530.^[9][12] Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.^[13][14]

The Duchy of Surabaya entered a conflict with, and was later captured by, the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung.^[15]:31 It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura, and to lay siege to the city before capturing it. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled almost the whole of Java, with the exception of the Sultanate of Banten and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.^[15]:31

Colonial era

The expanding Dutch East India Company took the city over from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya, and in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and the latter's son, Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful Han family of Lasem.^[16][17]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was the largest city in Dutch East Indies. It became a major trading centre under the Dutch colonial government, and hosted the largest naval base in the colony. Surabaya was also the largest city in the colony serving as the centre of Java's plantation economy, industry and were supported by its natural harbour.^[18] In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city.
In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association. The revolt was firmly crushed and the insurgents given harsh sentences.^{[citation needed]}

Independence era

The burnt-out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro-independence Indonesian soldiers during the Battle of Surabaya on 31 October 1945

Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the occupation of Indonesia, and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the surrender of the Japanese.

The Battle of Surabaya, one of the well-known battles of the Indonesian revolution, started after the Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) assassinated the British Brigadier Mallaby on October 30, 1945, near Jembatan Merah (the "Red Bridge"), allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on November 10, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of the red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle of this city.

The city is known as Kota Pahlawan "city of heroes" due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanizing Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.

In June 2011, Surabaya received the Adipura Kencana Award as number one among 20 cities in Indonesia. Surabaya was reported by a Singaporean as being clean and green.^[19]

Geography

Topography

Outskirt areas of Surabaya

Surabaya is located on the northern coast of East Java province. It is mostly lowlands with a river estuary of Kalimas, one of two branches of the Brantas River. Surabaya city borders Madura Strait in the north and east, Sidoarjo Regency in the south, and Gresik Regency in the west.
The regencies surrounding Surabaya are:

• 
  Lamongan Regency to the northwest


• 
  Gresik Regency to the west


• 
  Bangkalan Regency to the northeast (on Madura island)


• 
  Sidoarjo Regency to the south, and Mojokerto Regency
  


• 
  Jombang Regency to the southwest

Like many other large Indonesian metropolises, many residents reside outside the city limits in a
metropolitan area called Gerbangkertosusila.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification system, Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs from November through June, while the dry season covers the remaining five months. Unlike a number of cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the course of the year, with an average high temperature of around 31°C and average low temperatures around 26°C.

Government

The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralization of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. Current mayor of the city is Tri Rismaharini, the first female mayor in Surabaya, and has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term as Surabaya Mayor in 2010. In
2012 Surabaya was awarded the “ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award”. Besides Mayor and Deputy Mayor, there is Surabaya Municipal People's Representative Council, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years.

Surabaya is divided into 31 kecamatan (districts),^[22][23] and 161 urban villages. The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are:

Demographics

The metropolitan area in 2014, seen from the International Space Station

Surabaya is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 3,457,409 recorded in the chartered city limits (kota) in the 2015 census.^[24] With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gresik-Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies.
Though central government of Indonesia recognizes only the metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidarjo) as Greater Surabaya (Zona Surabaya Raya) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The city is highly urbanized, with industries centralized in the city, and contains slums. As the main education centre, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia.

Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java.

Ethnicity

Kya-Kya or Kembang Jepun, the city's Chinatown

Hadhrami immigrants in Surabaya, 1920s

Ethnic Javanese people are the majority in Surabaya, with Chinese Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, and ethnic Madurese being significant minorities in the city. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Banjar, Balinese, and Bugis. Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a major population of Arabs, especially the Hadhrami people that originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen.

Language

Most citizens speak a dialect of Indonesian/Javanese called Suroboyoan, a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech. The use of register is less strict than the Central Java dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Bahasa Indonesia and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese, etc., which has formed a special dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk.

Religion

Although around 65% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major religions include Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism mostly among the ethnic Indian minority. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism.

The city had an influential role as a major Islamic centre in Java during the Wali Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in Surabaya.

Christianity as a whole in Surabaya is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians, as well as native Javanese, Bataks, and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church. A minority of Javanese practice at the Gereja Kejawen, a branch of native Christianity. Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria (The Church of The Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary), also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Centre Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.^[26]

Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Majapahit era, Hinduism played a major role on traditional Surabayan culture. Small Hindu communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the city. Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java, but it rarely obtained a minyan (quorum). The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified persons while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.^[27] In the years prior to its demolition, it had been the site of a number of anti-Israel protests.^[28] A Jewish cemetery exists in the city.^[29][30]

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  Al Akbar National Mosque, largest mosque in Surabaya
  

  
  

  
  


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  Church of the Birth of Our Lady, oldest church in Surabaya
  

  
  

  
  


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  Eastern Orthodox Church congregation in Surabaya
  

  
  

  
  


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  Tian Ti Pagoda, iconic Buddhist temple in Surabaya
  

  
  

  
  


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  Sanggar Agung, Chinese folk temple
  

  
  

  
  

Economy

Since the early 1900s, Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee. Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in foreign industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors.
The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools.

Business

As the provincial capital, Surabaya has a number of offices and business centres; as a metropolitan city, it became the centre of economic, financial, and business activities in East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading centre, Surabaya is not only a trade centre for East Java, but also facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan, and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location in almost in the centre of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the important hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia. It is currently in the process of building high-rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels to attract foreign capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia. The city is also one of the most important cities in supporting Indonesia's economy.

Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a fast growing trading centre. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as PT Sampoerna Tbk, Maspion, Wing's Group, Unilever Indonesia, Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos Group, and PT PAL Indonesia.

Business districts

The area between Jalan Basuki Rachmat, Jalan Embong Malang, and Jalan Bubutan has grown as a business centre and has turned into one of the main business and trade activities areas in Surabaya. Some of the important buildings in this area include Wisma BRI Surabaya, Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Wisma Dharmala Surabaya, The Peak Residence, Sheraton Hotel, etc.

Another cluster around Jalan Mayjend Sungkono, Jalan Adityawarman, Jalan HR Muhammad, and Jalan Bukit Darmo has grown as a new business centre of the city. This area has now grown as one of the most rapidly growing commercial and business centres in East Java, with high-rise buildings. Some of the tallest buildings in Surabaya located in this area, such as Adhiwangsa Apartment, Waterplace Residence, Puri Matahari, Beverly Park Apartment, The Via & The Vue Apartment, Ciputra World Hotel, Puncak Permai Apartment, Rich Palace Hotel, and so forth.

Retail

Plaza Tunjungan

Surabaya has plenty of shopping centres like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have presence in modern shopping malls. There were about 100 hectares/one million square meters of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016.^[31] There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware.

Some important shopping malls of the city are:

Infrastructure

Architecture

Cheng Hoo (Zheng He) Mosque, Surabaya

Majapahit Hotel building is a cultural heritage of Surabaya

Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are still many colonial era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, most colonial buildings in Surabaya were built around the 17th century to early 20th century. These buildings have influence of Dutch / European style in the Middle Ages.
Before the Second World War, there were many shop houses in the old part of the city, mostly of two storey. These shop houses have influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street.

After independence of Indonesia, the centre of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah, and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with the economic development, such buildings continue to grow in Surabaya until now. In the era of 2010s, Surabaya has become a region for high-rise buildings in East Java, such as The Peak Residence and One Icon Residence (200 metres).

Important landmarks

Surabaya Sports Centre from the air in 2015

• Kebun Binatang Surabaya (Surabaya Zoo) opened in 1916. It was the first in the world to have successfully bred orangutans in captivity.


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  Zheng He Mosque, a recently built mosque, one of the unique mosques with Chinese-style architecture in Indonesia. Dedicated to the Hui Chinese diplomat, Zheng He.


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  Al-Akbar Mosque, the largest mosque in Jawa Timur.^[32]
  


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  Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria, one of the first churches to be built in Indonesia, and the first one ever built in Jawa Timur.


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  Hero monument, a 41 metres (135 ft) high monument, is the main symbol of Surabaya and commemorates the heroes of the revolutionary struggle. There is a museum on location as well, exhibiting reminders of the struggle for independence.


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  Museum Nahdlatul Ulama, the resource centre of the culture and history of Nahdlatul Ulama, an independent Islamic religious organisation.


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  Museum Bank Indonesia, a bank museum occupying the former De Javasche Bank built in 1904.


• House of Sampoerna, a museum devoted to the history of clove cigarette (kretek) manufacturing in Indonesia, housed in Dutch colonial buildings dating to 1864.^[33]
  


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  Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument, a large, admiral-like statue which commemorates the Indonesian Navy.


• Monkasel, abbreviated from Monumen Kapal Selam (Submarine Monument) ^[34] A Soviet-built Whiskey class submarine (named KRI Pasopati (410)), first launched in 1952, served in the Indonesian Navy from 1962 until decommissioned in 1990.^[35] After her decommissioning, Pasopati was dismantled and transferred to its present site in 1996. The submarine was reassembled on the current site and opened as a museum and tourist attraction in 1998.


• Kenjeran Beach, located in the eastern of Surabaya, which also housed Sanggar Agung, a Chinese temple build over the sea.


• Market of the Chinese Tomb,^[36] last resting place of Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen, magnate, mandarin and landlord in Surabaya and East Java, and patriarch of the patrician Han family of Lasem ^[37]
  


• Han Ancestral Hall,^[38] a historic house that serves as a memorial temple for the ancestors of the Han family of Lasem^[39][40]
  


• Tomb of Sunan Ampel


• Bungkul Park

Military establishment

The Eastern Fleet is headquartered here. It is one of two fleets in the Indonesian Navy. Its maritime heritage is also represented in a form of KRI Pasopati Submarine Monument, a retired Russian Whiskey class submarine.^[41][42]

Transportation

Transportation in Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local, regional, and international journeys. Air transport is located at Juanda Airport, at Sedati, Sidoarjo. Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles, motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available. Surabaya is also a transit city between Jakarta and Bali for ground transportation. Another bus route is between Jakarta and the neighboring island of Madura.

Airport

Surabaya's Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Navy Airbase, operated by the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served Surabaya for many years, and currently has 2 terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and Garuda Indonesia's domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2. Although considered smaller than Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan and Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali, Juanda International Airport is still regarded as Indonesia's second busiest airport right after Jakarta's Soekarno Hatta International Airport

Ujung passenger Port

Seaport

Port of Tanjung Perak is the trading port in East Java and is one of the busiest ports in the country.
It is the second largest port of trade, container and passenger in Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. There is also Teluk Lamong Port Terminal, which is the main buffer terminal of Tanjung Perak Port. The port terminal of Lamong Bay is the first green port in Indonesia and is one of the most sophisticated port terminals in the world where the entire operating system is automated.

Train

The city has three major train stations, being Surabaya Kota (also known as Semut), Pasar Turi, and Gubeng. Surabaya's main train station is Pasar Turi Station. The Argo Bromo Anggrek operated by PT Kereta Api (Indonesia's main rail operator) connects Surabaya from this station to Gambir Station (Jakarta). Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya.

Pedicabs (becak) in the street in Surabaya

Bus

The main bus terminal is Terminal Purabaya (located in Bungurasih, Waru, Sidoarjo), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak, Surabaya.

Public transport

There are various kinds of local transport including: taxi-cabs, shuttle bus, city bus, Angguna, Pedicab and Surabaya commuters. Online transportation services like GO-JEK, and Grab are also available in Surabaya.

Suramadu Bridge

The Suramadu Bridge (derived from Surabaya-Madura) connects Surabaya and Madura Island over the Madura Strait. A 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport-City in Pernajuh village, Kocah district, Bangkalan, Madura at a cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.^[43]

Suramadu Bridge, The longest bridge in Indonesia

Sports

The city has one professional football club, Persebaya. The club has won the Indonesian Premier Division three times–twice when the division was the first tier and once as the second tier. Fans refer to themselves as Bonek, an abbreviation for Bondo Nekat (which translates as "equipped by bravery"). The city is the home of CLS Knights Indonesia, a basketball club which participated in IBL (Indonesia basketball league) & Asean Basketball League.

Surabaya has a multi-purpose stadium, Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium. The stadium is used mostly for football matches. It is the new home stadium of Persebaya, replacing Gelora 10 November Stadium.^[44] It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against then–English Premier League club Queens Park Rangers, held on 23 July 2012.

Education

Universities and post-secondary institutions

Surabaya has several major universities and institutions, including those with religious or technical specialties:

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  Airlangga University

  
  
  
  Airlangga University (UNAIR), a major public research university in Indonesia based in Surabaya and Banyuwangi.


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  Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), a public technological institute teaches robotics and mechanics, and is the centre of Ship and Ocean Structure Design to support offshore exploration.

ITS main library building

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  State University of Surabaya (UNESA), a university educating teachers; also with programs in Economics, Technology, and Law.


• State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel (UINSA), a public university for Islamic studies.


• Narotama University (UNNAR), Surabaya


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  Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (PENS-PPNS), a technical institution located in Surabaya.


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  Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, an institute specializing in Technical Studies.


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  Hang Tuah University Surabaya, a university managed by Yayasan Nala, founded by Indonesian Navy.


• Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur


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  Institut Sains Terapan dan Teknologi Surabaya, an institute specializing in Computer Programming.


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  Universitas Kristen Petra, a Christian university in Indonesia.


• Pelita Harapan University


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  Widya Mandala Catholic University (3 campuses), a Catholic private university in Surabaya with facilities for Healthcare Studies at a newly opened third campus in the eastern part of the city


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  University of Surabaya, a private university teaching Pharmacy and Psychology.


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  Universitas Bhayangkara, a university affiliated with Indonesian Police Department of East Java.


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  Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya, a university which is the oldest private faculty of medicine in eastern Indonesia. Established in 1981, The Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1986.


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  Wijaya Putra University a Public University established in 1984


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  Ciputra University, a private entrepreneurial-oriented university founded in 2006 by the Ciputra Group.

Primary and secondary schools

Petra Christianity Senior High School

International schools include:

• Surabaya Intercultural School


• 
  Surabaya Japanese School (スラバヤ日本人学校)


• 
  Surabaya Taipei International School; 印尼泗水臺灣學校) ^[45]
  


• Surabaya European School

Private schools include:

• St. Louis Catholic School


• Angelus Custos Catholic School


• GLORIA Christian School


• Petra Christian School


• IPH Christian School

Cuisine

Rujak cingur, specialty of Surabaya.

As a metropolitan city, all types of Indonesian cuisine and other international restaurants have a presence. However, as the capital of East Java, cuisines from the province dominates the culinary culture of the city. East Javanese cuisines include a variety of processed fruits, crisps temph, Bakpao telo, Bakso Malang, Rawan, Tahu campur lamongan, Cwie noodles, tahu takwa, tahu pong, getuk pisang, pecel madiun, wingko, tape, nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, bonggolan, shrimp crackers, shrimp paste, petis, Tempeh Chips, tahu tepo, Nasi lethok, sego tempong, salad soup, pecel rawon, Suwar-suwir, tape proll, gaplek, lodho, goat satay, and pecel tulungagung.

Surabaya is famous for Rawon, Rojak cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clams satay, mussels, and rice cake.

• 
  Rujak cingur:^[46] a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis), peanuts, chili, and spices. It is usually served with lontong, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya.


• 
  Rawon: a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts.


• 
  Lontong kupang: lontong with small cockles in petis sauce.


• 
  Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (M. crenata) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce.

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

Surabaya is twinned with:^[47]

• 
  Kitakyushu, Japan (since 1992)


• 
  Seattle, United States (since 1992)^[48]
  


• 
  New Orleans, United States


• 
  Portland, United States


• 
  Johor Bahru, Malaysia


• 
  Kuala Belait, Brunei Darussalam
  


• 
  Den Haag, Netherlands


• 
  Busan, South Korea (since 1994)


• 
  İzmir, Turkey (since 1996)


• 
  Perth, Western Australia, Australia


• 
  Varna, Bulgaria


• 
  Iskandariyah, Egypt


• 
  Kaoshiung, Taiwan


• 
  Mashhad, Iran


• 
  Kōchi, Japan (since 1997) ^[49]
  


• 
  Monterrey, Mexico (since 2001)


• 
  Guangzhou, China (since 2005)^[50]
  


• 
  Xiamen, China (since 2008)


• 
  Wuhan, China


• 
  Liverpool, United Kingdom (since 2017)^[51]
  

Gallery

• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Mosque in Surabaya
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Handelstraat (Red Bridge) 1930s
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Colonial architecture of Surabaya


• List of tallest buildings in Surabaya

References

Works cited

• 
  Ricklefs, M.C. (2008-09-11). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-1-137-05201-8.
  


• 
  Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas (1976). Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H. J. de Graaf. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-247-1876-4.
  


• 
  Akhmad Saiful Ali (1994). Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17 (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel.
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surabaya.

• Official website


• Surabaya News


• 
  Surabaya travel guide from Wikivoyage


• 
   "Surabaya". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
  


• 
   "Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.