Egftnjytyk

Free Democratic Party Freie Demokratische Partei
Abbreviation	FDP
Chairman	Christian Lindner
General Secretary	Nicola Beer
Vice chairman	Wolfgang Kubicki Katja Suding Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann [de]
Federal manager	Marco Mendorf [de]
Federal treasurer	Hermann Otto Solms
Founded	12 December 1948; 70 years ago (1948-12-12)
Headquarters	Hans-Dietrich-Genscher-Haus Reinhardtstraße 14 10117 Berlin
Youth wing	Young Liberals
Foundation	Friedrich Naumann Foundation
Membership (2017)	65,000[1]
Ideology	Liberalism[2][3][4] Classical liberalism[5][6][7] Economic liberalism[8][9] Conservative liberalism[10]
Political position	Centre[11][12] to centre-right [13][14][15][16][17][18]
European affiliation	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
International affiliation	Liberal International
European Parliament group	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Colors	Cyan[19]      Magenta      Yellow
Bundestag	80 / 709
Bundesrat	4 / 69
State Parliaments	103 / 1,821
European Parliament	3 / 96
Party flag
Website
fdp.de
Politics of Germany Political parties Elections

The Free Democratic Party (German: Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP) is a liberal^[2][3][4] and classical liberal^[5][6][7]political party in Germany. The FDP is led by Christian Lindner.

The FDP was founded in 1948 by members of former liberal political parties which existed in Germany before World War II, namely the German Democratic Party and the German People's Party. For most of the German Federal Republic's history, it has held the balance of power in the Bundestag. It was a junior coalition partner to the CDU/CSU (1949–1956, 1961–1966, 1982–1998 and 2009–2013) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (1969–1982). In the 2013 federal election, the FDP failed to win any directly elected seats in the Bundestag and came up short of the 5 percent threshold to qualify for list representation, being left without representation in the Bundestag for the first time in its history.^[20] In the 2017 federal election, the FDP regained its representation in the Bundestag, receiving 10.6% of the vote.

The FDP strongly supports human rights, civil liberties and internationalism. The party is traditionally considered centre-right. Since the 1980s, the party has firmly pushed economic liberalism and has aligned itself closely to the promotion of free markets and privatization. It is a member of Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).

History

Walter Scheel served as Foreign Minister, Vice Chancellor, Acting Chancellor and President of Germany

Soon after World War II, the Soviet Union forced the creation of political parties. In July 1945 William Kulice and Eugen Schiffer called for the establishment of a pan-German Party, whose constitution the Allies hesitantly approved only in the Soviet occupation zone as the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany. In September 1945, citizens in Hamburg established the Party of Free Democrats (PFD) as a bourgeois Left Party and the first Liberal Party in the Western zones. In the first state elections in Hamburg in October 1946 the party won 18.2 percent of the vote. The FDP secured between 7.8 and 29.9 percent of the 1946 vote in Greater Berlin (East) and Saxony, the only states in Soviet-occupied territories that held free parliamentary elections. However, it had to support the policies of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and join the National Front of the GDR as a "bloc party". Following the FDP's success, liberal parties were founded across the states. The FDP won Hesse's 1950 state election with 31.8 percent, the best result in its history, through appealing to East Germans displaced by the war by including them on their ticket.

Founding of the party

The Democratic Party of Germany (DPD) was established in Rothenburg ob der Tauber on 17 March 1947 as a pan-German Party. Its leaders were Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz. However, the project failed as a result of disputes over Külz's political direction.

The Free Democratic Party was established on 11–12 December 1948 in Heppenheim, in Hesse, as an association of all 13 regional liberal party organizations in the three Western zones of occupation.^[21] The proposed name, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), was rejected by the delegates, who voted 64 to 25 in favour of the name Free Democratic Party (FDP).

The party's first chairman was Theodor Heuss; his deputy was Franz Blücher. The place for the party's foundation was chosen deliberately: it was at the Heppenheim Assembly that the moderate liberals had met in October 1847 before the March Revolution.
Some regard the "Heppenheim Assembly", which was held at the Halber Mond (Half Moon) Hotel on 10 October 1847, as a meeting of leading liberals that was the beginning of the German Revolution of 1848-49.

Up to the 1950s, several of the FDP's regional organizations were to the right of the CDU/CSU, which initially had ideas of some sort of Christian socialism, and even former office-holders of the Third Reich were courted with national, patriotic values.

The FDP was founded on 11 December 1948 through the merger of nine regional liberal parties formed in 1945 from the remnants of the pre-1933 German People's Party (DVP) and the German Democratic Party (DDP), which had been active in the Weimar Republic.^{[Note 1]} The FDP's first Chairman, Theodor Heuss, was formerly a member of the DDP and after the war of the Democratic People's Party (DVP).

1949–1969: reconstruction of Germany

"Schlußstrich drunter!"—FDP election campaign poster before the 1949 Bundestag election in Hesse calling for a halt on denazification

In the first elections to the Bundestag on 14 August 1949, the FDP won a vote share of 11.9 percent (with 12 direct mandates, particularly in Baden-Württemberg and Hesse), and thus obtained 52 of 402 seats. In September of the same year the FDP chairman Theodor Heuss was elected the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany. In his 1954 re-election, he received the best election result to date of a President with 871 of 1018 votes (85.6 percent) of the Federal Assembly. Adenauer was also elected on the proposal of the new German President with an extremely narrow majority as the first Chancellor. The FDP participated with the CDU/CSU and the DP in Adenauer's coalition cabinet: they had three ministers: Franz Blücher (Vice-Chancellor), Thomas Dehler (Justice) and Eberhard Wildermuth (housing).

On the most important economic, social and German national issues, the FDP agreed with their coalition partners, the CDU/CSU. However, the FDP recommended to the bourgeois voters a secular party that refused the religious schools and accused the opposition parties of clericalization. The FDP said they were known also as a consistent representative of the market economy, while the CDU was then dominated nominally from the Ahlen Programme, which allowed a Third Way between capitalism and socialism. Ludwig Erhard, the "father" of the social market economy, had his followers in the early years of the Federal Republic in the Union rather than in the FDP.

The FDP voted in parliament at the end of 1950 against the CDU- and SPD- introduced de-nazification process. At their party conference in Munich in 1951 they demanded the release of all "so-called war criminals" and welcomed the establishment of the "Association of German soldiers" of former Wehrmacht and SS members, to advance the integration of the nationalist forces in democracy. The 1953 Naumann-Affair, named after Werner Naumann, identifies old Nazis trying to infiltrate the party, which had many right-wing and nationalist members in Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. After the British occupation authorities had arrested seven prominent members of the Naumann circle, the FDP federal board installed a commission of inquiry, chaired by Thomas Dehler, which particularly sharply criticized the situation in the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP. In the following years, the right wing lost power, and the extreme right increasingly sought areas of activity outside the FDP. In the 1953 federal election, the FDP received 9.5 percent of the party votes, 10.8 percent of the primary vote (with 14 direct mandates, particularly in Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Hesse, Württemberg and Bavaria) and 48 of 487 seats.

In the second term of the Bundestag, the South German Liberal democrats gained influence in the party.^{[citation needed]} Thomas Dehler, a representative of a more left-liberal course took over as party and parliamentary leader. The former Minister of Justice Dehler, who in 1933 suffered persecution by the Nazis, was known for his rhetorical focus. Generally the various regional associations were independent and translated so different from country to country accents in liberal politics. After the FDP had left in early 1956, the coalition with the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia and made with SPD and center a new state government, were a total of 16 members of parliament, including the four federal ministers from the FDP and founded the short-lived Free People's Party, which then up was involved to the end of the legislature instead of FDP in the Federal Government. The FDP first took it to the opposition.

Only one of the smaller post-war parties, the FDP survived despite many problems. In 1957 federal elections they still reached 7.7 percent of the vote to 1990 and their last direct mandate with which they had held 41 of 497 seats in the Bundestag. However, they still remained in opposition, because the Union won an absolute majority. In the following example, the FDP sat for a nuclear-free zone in Central Europe.

Even before the election Dehler was assigned as party chairman. At the federal party in Berlin at the end January 1957 relieved him Reinhold Maier. Dehler's role as Group Chairman took over after the election of the national set very Erich Mende. Mende was also chairman of the party.

In the 1961 federal elections, it achieved 12.8 percent nationwide, the best result until then, and the FDP entered a coalition with the CDU again. Although it was committed before the election to continuing to sit in any case in a government together with Adenauer, Chancellor Adenauer was again, however, to withdraw under the proviso, after two years. These events led to the FDP being nicknamed the Umfallerpartei ("pushover party").^[22]

In the Spiegel Affair, the FDP withdrew their ministers from the federal government. Although the coalition was renewed again under Adenauer in 1962, the FDP withdrew again on the condition in October 1963. This occurred even under the new Chancellor, Ludwig Erhard. This was for Erich Mende turn the occasion to go into the cabinet: he took the rather unimportant Federal Ministry for All-German Affairs.

In the 1965 federal elections the FDP gained 9.5 percent. The coalition with the CDU in 1966 broke on the subject of tax increases and it was followed by a grand coalition between the CDU and the SPD. The opposition also pioneered a course change to: The former foreign policy and the attitude to the eastern territories were discussed. The new chairman elected delegates in 1968 Walter Scheel, a European-oriented liberals, although it came from the national liberal camp, but with Willi Weyer and Hans-Dietrich Genscher led the new center of the party. This center strove to make the FDP coalition support both major parties. Here, the Liberals approached to by their reorientation in East Germany and politics especially of the SPD.

1969–1982: social changes and crises

On 21 October 1969 began the period after the election of a Social-Liberal coalition with the SPD and the German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Walter Scheel was he who initiated the foreign policy reversal. Despite a very small majority he and Willy Brandt sat by the controversial New Ostpolitik. This policy was within the FDP quite controversial, especially since after the entry into the Federal Government defeats in state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Saarland on 14 June 1970 followed. In Hanover and Saarbrücken, the party left the parliament.

After the federal party congress in Bonn, just a week later supported the policy of the party leadership and Scheel had confirmed in office, founded by Siegfried party rights Zoglmann 11 July 1970 a "non-partisan" organization called the National-Liberal action on the Hohensyburgstraße - to fall with the goal of ending the left-liberal course of the party and Scheel. However, this was not. Zoglmann supported in October 1970 a disapproval resolution of opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Möller, Erich Mende, Heinz Starke, and did the same. A little later all three declared their withdrawal from the FDP; Mende and Strong joined the CDU in, Zoglmann later founded the German Union, which does not make it past the status of a splinter party.

The foreign policy and the socio-political changes were made in 1971 by the Freiburg theses, which were as Rowohlt Paperback sold more than 100,000 times, on a theoretical basis, the FDP is committed to "social liberalism" and social reforms. Walter Scheel was first foreign minister and vice chancellor, 1974, he was then second-liberal President and paving the way for inner-party the previous interior minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher free.

From 1969 to 1974 the FDP supported the SPD Chancellor Willy Brandt, who was succeeded by Helmut Schmidt. Already by the end of the 70s there did not seem to be enough similarities between the FDP and the SPD to form a new coalition, but the CDU/CSU chancellor candidate of Franz Josef Strauss in 1980 pushed the parties to run together again. The FDP's policies, however, began to drift apart from the SPD's, especially when it came to the economy. Within the SPD, there was strong grassroots opposition to Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's policies on the Nato Double-Track Decision. However, within the FDP, the conflicts and contrasts were always greater.

1982–1998: Kohl government, economic transition and reunification

In the fall of 1982, the FDP tore up its coalition agreement with the SPD and instead threw its support behind the CDU/CSU. On 1 October, the FDP and CDU/CSU were able to oust Schmidt and replace him with CDU party chairman Helmut Kohl as the new Chancellor. The coalition change resulted in severe internal conflicts, and the FDP then lost about 20 percent of its 86,500 members, as reflected in the general election in 1983 by a drop from 10.6 percent to 7.0 percent. The members went mostly to the SPD, the Greens and newly formed splinter parties, such as the left-liberal party Liberal Democrats (LD). The exiting members included the former FDP General Secretary and later EU Commissioner Günter Verheugen. At the party convention in November 1982, the Schleswig-Holstein state chairman Uwe Ronneburger challenged Hans-Dietrich Genscher as party chairman. Ronneburger received 186 of the votes—about 40 percent—and was just narrowly defeated by Genscher.

Young FDP members who did not agree with the politics of the FDP youth organization Young Democrats founded in 1980 the Young Liberals (JuLis). For a time there were two youth organizations side by side, until the JuLis became the new official youth wing of the FDP. The Young Democrats split from the FDP and were left as a party-independent youth organization.

At the time of reunification, the FDP's objective was a special economic zone in the former East Germany, but could not prevail against the CDU / CSU, as this would prevent any loss of votes in the five new federal states in the general election in 1990.

In all federal election campaigns since the 1980s, the party sided with the CDU and CSU, the main conservative parties in Germany. Following German reunification in 1990, the FDP merged with the Association of Free Democrats, a grouping of liberals from East Germany and the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.

During the political upheavals of 1989/1990 in the GDR new liberal parties emerged, like the FDP East Germany or the German Forum Party. They formed the Liberal Democratic Party, who had previously acted as a block party on the side of the SED and with Manfred Gerlach also the last Council of State of the GDR presented, the Alliance of Free Democrats, (BFD). Within the FDP came in the following years to considerable internal discussions about dealing with the former block party. Even before the reunification of Germany united on a joint congress in Hanover, the West German FDP united with the other parties to form the first all-German party. Both party factions brought the FDP a great, albeit short-lived, increase in membership. In the first all-German Bundestag elections, the CDU/CSU/FDP center-right coalition was confirmed, the FDP received 11.0 percent of the valid votes (79 seats) and won (in Halle (Saale)) the first direct mandate since 1957.

During the 1990s, the FDP won between 6.2 and 11 percent of the vote in Bundestag elections. It last participated in the federal government by representing the junior partner in the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the CDU.

In 1998, the CDU/CSU - FDP coalition lost the federal election, which ended the FDP's nearly 30-year reign in government. In its 2002 campaign the FDP made an exception to its party policy of siding with the CDU/CSU when it adopted equidistance to the CDU and SPD. From 1998 until 2009 the FDP remained in the opposition until it became part of a new center-right coalition government.

2005 federal election

Former logo (2001–2014)

In the 2005 general election the party won 9.8 percent of the vote and 61 federal deputies, an unpredicted improvement from prior opinion polls. It is believed that this was partly due to tactical voting by CDU and Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) alliance supporters who hoped for stronger market-oriented economic reforms than the CDU/CSU alliance called for. However, because the CDU did worse than predicted, the FDP and the CDU/CSU alliance were unable to form a coalition government. At other times, for example after the 2002 federal election, a coalition between the FDP and CDU/CSU was impossible primarily because of the weak results of the FDP.

The CDU/CSU parties had achieved the 3rd worst performance in German postwar history with only 35.2 percent of the votes. Therefore, the FDP wasn't able to form a coalition with its preferred partners, the CDU/CSU parties. As a result, the party was considered as a potential member of two other political coalitions, following the election. One possibility was a partnership between the FDP, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Alliance 90/The Greens, known as a "traffic light coalition", named after the colors of the three parties. This coalition was ruled out, because the FDP considered the Social Democrats and the Greens insufficiently committed to market-oriented economic reform. The other possibility was a CDU-FDP-Green coalition, known as a "Jamaica coalition" because of the colours of the three parties. This coalition wasn't concluded either, since the Greens ruled out participation in any coalition with the CDU/CSU. Instead, the CDU formed a Grand coalition with the SPD, and the FDP entered the opposition. FDP leader Guido Westerwelle became the unofficial leader of the opposition by virtue of the FDP's position as the largest opposition party in the Bundestag.

In the 2009 European parliament elections, the FDP received 11% of the national vote (2,888,084 votes in total) and returned 12 MEPs.^[23]

2009–2013: Merkel II government

Christian Lindner is the party chairman, having succeeded Philipp Rösler in December 2013

In the national vote on 27 September 2009 the FDP increased its share of the vote by 4.8 percentage points to 14.6%, an all-time record so far. This percentage was enough to offset a decline in the CDU/CSU's vote compared to 2005, to create a CDU-FDP centre-right governing coalition in the Bundestag with a 53% majority of seats. On election night, party leader Westerwelle said his party would work to ensure that civil liberties were respected and that Germany got an "equitable tax system and better education opportunities".^[24]

The party also made gains in the two state elections held at the same time, acquiring sufficient seats for a CDU-FDP coalition in the northernmost state, Schleswig-Holstein, and gaining enough votes in left-leaning Brandenburg to clear the 5% hurdle to enter that state's parliament.^{[citation needed]}

However, after reaching its best ever election result in 2009, the FDP's support collapsed.^[25] The party’s policy pledges were put on hold by Merkel as the recession of 2009 unfolded and with the onset of the European debt crisis in 2010.^[26] By the end of 2010, the party's support had dropped to as low as 5%. The FDP retained their seats in the state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, which was held six months after the federal election, but out of the seven state elections that have been held since 2009, the FDP have lost all their seats in five of them due to failing to cross the 5% threshold.^{[citation needed]}

Support for the party further eroded amid infighting and an internal rebellion over euro-area bailouts during the debt crisis.^[27]

Westerwelle stepped down as party leader in 2011 after the party was wiped out in both Saxony-Anhalt and Rhineland-Palatinate, as well as losing half its seats in Baden-Württemberg. He was replaced on 13 May 2011 by Philipp Rösler. The change in leadership failed to revive the FDP's fortunes, however, and in the next series of state elections, the party lost all its seats in Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Berlin.^[28] In Berlin, the party lost nearly 75% of the support they had had in the previous election.^[29]

In March 2012, the FDP lost all their seats in Saarland. However, this was averted in the Schleswig-Holstein state elections, when they achieved 8% of the vote, which was a severe loss of seats but still over the 5% threshold. In the snap elections in North Rhine-Westphalia a week later, the FDP not only crossed the threshold, but also increased its share of the votes to 2 percentage points higher than in the previous state election. This was attributed to the local leadership of Christian Lindner.^[30]

2013 federal election

The FDP last won a directly elected seat in 1990—the only time it has won a directly elected seat since 1957.^[31] The party's inability to win directly elected seats came back to haunt it at the 2013 election, in which it came up just short of the 5% threshold. With no directly elected seats, the FDP was shut out of the Bundestag for the first time since 1949. After the previous chairman Philipp Rösler then resigned, Christian Lindner took over the leadership of the party.

2014 European and state elections

In the 2014 European parliament elections, the FDP received 3.36% of the national vote (986,253 votes in total) and returned 3 MEPs.^[32] In the Brandenburg state election, 2014 the party experienced a 5.8% down-swing and lost all their representatives in the Brandenburg state parliament. In the Saxony state election, 2014, the party experienced a 5.2% down-swing, again losing all of its seats. In the Thuringian state election, 2014 a similar phenomenon was repeated with the party falling below the 5% threshold following a 5.1% drop in popular vote.

2015–present

The party managed to enter parliament in the Bremen state election, 2015 with the party receiving 6.5% of the vote and gaining 6 seats. However, it failed to get into government as a coalition between the Social Democrats and the Greens was created. In the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election, 2016 the party failed to get into parliament despite increasing its vote share by 0.3%. The party did manage to get into parliament in Baden-Württemberg, gaining 3% of the vote and a total of 12 seats. This represents a five-seat improvement over their previous results. In the Berlin state election, 2016 the party gained 4.9% of the vote and 12 seats but still failed to get into government. A red-red-green coalition was instead formed relegating the FDP to the opposition. In the Rhineland-Palatinate state election, 2016, the party managed to enter parliament receiving 6.2% of the vote and 7 seats. It also managed to enter government under a traffic light coalition. In Saxony-Anhalt state election, 2016 the party narrowly missed the 5% threshold, receiving 4.9% of the vote and therefore receiving zero seats despite a 1% swing in their favour.

The North Rhine-Westphalia state election, 2017 was widely considered a test of the party's future as their chairman Christian Lindner was also leading the party in that state. The party experienced a 4% swing in its favour gaining 6 seats and entering into a coalition with the CDU with a bare majority. In the Saarland state election, 2017 the party again failed to gain any seats despite a 1% swing in their favour. The party gained 3 seats and increased its vote share by 3.2% in the Schleswig-Holstein state election, 2017. This success was often credited to their state chairman Wolfgang Kubicki. They also managed to re-enter the government under a Jamaica coalition.

In the federal election of 2017 the party scored 10,7% of votes and re-entered the Bundestag, winning 80 seats.

Ideology

Membership development showing the spike around 1990 due to East German LDPD and NDPD fusing with the (West German) FDP

The FDP adheres to a classical liberal ideology,^{[5][6][7][33]} advocating liberalism in both the economic and social sphere.^[34] The current guidelines of the FDP are enshrined in the "Principles of Wiesbaden". A key objective of the FDP is the "strengthening of freedom and individual responsibility".

Throughout its history, the FDP's policies have shifted between emphasis on social liberalism and economic liberalism. Since the 1980s, the FDP has maintained a consistent pro-business stance. The FDP supports strong competition laws and a minimum standard of welfare protection for every citizen. In addition, the FDP endorses changes to social welfare and health care systems with laws that would require every employed citizen to invest in a private social security account. The party supports a bracket income tax system, as opposed to the current 'linear' system, and, in the long term, a flat tax. The FDP aims for the introduction of a citizen's dividend, which collects all the tax-financed social welfare and social security funds of the state.

The FDP supports LGBT rights based on support of individual liberty. For instance, former party leader Guido Westerwelle was openly gay. Yet, when the party joined a coalition with the conservative CDU/CSU, the party's group in parliament voted against an opposition motion legalizing same-sex marriage, in order not to threaten the coalition.^[35]

The FDP describes itself as a pro-European party and wants a politically integrated EU with a Common Foreign and Security Policy, but supported a referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon.^{[citation needed]}

Policies

The basic concept of the FDP is liberalism, which it has traditionally represented in Germany. Its fundamental ideal is therefore in the freedom of man, especially before state power. The focus of the FDP on the Political Compass is described as almost unaffected by economic and market liberalism. Regarding the political compass:

The current FDP guidelines are anchored in the 'Karlsruhe Freiheitsthesen'. These were decided upon at the 63rd Annual Federal Parliamentary Conference on 22 April 2012 in Karlsruhe.

Economic policy

The economic policy of the FDP is based on liberal and social market economics. It calls for a state regulatory policy which creates the appropriate framework for this but does not distort the market through excessive state interventionism. The main objective is to create jobs by improving the investment in the economy. This will be achieved through bureaucracy reduction, privatization, deregulation, reduction of subsidies and reform of the collective bargaining.

The party sees globalization as an opportunity creator.

The FDP believes government debt should be reduced and a balanced budget is something to strive for.

In terms of tax policy, a simpler tax code is called for. Their income tax model involves a more common system in which tax brackets have constant rates, rather than rates which increase linearly with income. In the long term, a so-called flat tax is strived for. Tax cuts are designed to increase the purchasing power of workers and stimulate the economy.

The FDP rejects the nationwide minimum wage, which was only introduced to Germany in 2015. On the other hand, wage ceilings are to be introduced which depend on the specific characteristics of respective regions and industries.

Social policy

In social policy, the introduction of a consolidated welfare payments in which all tax-financed social aid of the state is combined. This is a based of negative income tax. It would have a work obligation like those found in present regulation.

A common denominator of the FDP is the critical attitude toward an overpowering of the state and to conservative or egalitarian corporate designs. According to the motto "As much state as necessary, as little state as possible", the FDP tries to limit the interference of the state with the life of the individual as far as possible, therefore it also rejects all elements of a monitoring country. A connecting element is the idea of "creating and safeguarding the freedom of the individual", thus it contributed almost all social liberalisations realized in the Federal Republic.

Health policy

In the field of health policy, the FDP argues for a reduction of bureaucratic regulations. Also the physical self-determination is particularly emphasized. For example, each human being should also have the right in the context of medical treatment to freely determine his biology. In addition, the FDP aims to legalize cannabis.

Family policy

The FDP is committed to the legal equality of different forms of living together. Marriage between husband and wife should not be preferred to other forms of living together. Same-sex couples are to be given the same rights as heterosexual pairs — for example, the common right of adoption. The opening of marriage for same-sex couples is demanded. The income splitting should be retained. The expansion of kindergarten places is to be strengthened nationwide.

Election results

Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

Below are charts of the results that the FDP has secured in each election to the federal Bundestag. Timelines showing the number of seats and percentage of party list votes won are on the right.

Election	Leader	Party list		Seats			Government
		No.	%	No.	±	Position
1949	Franz Blücher	2,829,920	11.9	52 / 410		3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1953	Franz Blücher	2,629,163	9.5	53 / 509	1	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1957	Reinhold Maier	2,307,135	7.7	43 / 519	10	3rd	Opposition
1961	Erich Mende	4,028,766	12.8	67 / 521	24	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP
1965	Erich Mende	3,096,739	9.5	50 / 518	17	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP
1969	Walter Scheel	1,903,422	5.8	31 / 518	19	3rd	SPD–FDP
1972	Walter Scheel	3,129,982	8.4	42 / 518	11	3rd	SPD–FDP
1976	Hans-Dietrich Genscher	2,995,085	7.9	40 / 518	2	3rd	SPD–FDP
1980	Hans-Dietrich Genscher	4,030,999	10.6	54 / 519	14	3rd	SPD–FDP
1983	Hans-Dietrich Genscher	2,706,942	6.9	35 / 520	19	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP
1987	Martin Bangemann	3,440,911	9.1	48 / 519	13	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP
1990	Otto Graf Lambsdorff	5,123,233	11.0	79 / 662	31	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP
1994	Klaus Kinkel	3,258,407	6.9	47 / 672	32	4th	CDU/CSU–FDP
1998	Wolfgang Gerhardt	3,080,955	6.2	43 / 669	4	4th	Opposition
2002	Guido Westerwelle	3,538,815	7.4	47 / 603	4	4th	Opposition
2005	Guido Westerwelle	4,648,144	9.8	61 / 614	14	3rd	Opposition
2009	Guido Westerwelle	6,316,080	14.6	93 / 622	32	3rd	CDU/CSU–FDP
2013	Philipp Rösler	2,083,533	4.8	0 / 631	93		Extra-parliamentary
2017	Christian Lindner	4,997,178	10.7	80 / 709	80	4th	Opposition

Guido Westerwelle (right) and his partner Michael Mronz in 2009

European Parliament

Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, Vice President of the European Parliament (2014–present)

Election year	No of overall votes	% of overall vote	No. of overall seats won	+/–
1979	1,662,621	5.9 (4th)	4 / 81	4
1984	1,192,624	4.8 (5th)	0 / 81	4
1989	1,576,715	5.6 (6th)	4 / 81	4
1994	1,442,857	4.1 (6th)	0 / 99	4
1999	820,371	3.0 (6th)	0 / 99	0
2004	1,565,431	6.1 (6th)	7 / 99	7
2009	2,888,084	11.0 (4th)	12 / 99	5
2014	986,253	3.3 (7th)	3 / 96	9

State Parliaments

Werner Klumpp, interim Minister-President of the Saarland from 26 June 1979 to 5 July 1979

Reinhold Maier, first and only Minister-President of Württemberg-Baden (1946–1952) and first Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg (1952–1953)

State Parliament	Election year	No. of overall votes	% of overall vote	Seats			Government
				No.	±	Position
Baden-Württemberg	2016	445,430	8.3 (5th)	12 / 138	5	5th	Opposition
Bavaria	2018	687,842	5.1 (6th)	11 / 205	11	6th	Opposition
Berlin	2016	109,431	6.7 (6th)	12 / 149	12	6th	Opposition
Brandenburg	2014	14,389	1.5 (7th)	0 / 88	7	6th	Extra-parliamentary
Bremen	2015	76,754	6.5 (5th)	6 / 83	6	5th	Opposition
Hamburg	2015	262,157	7.4 (5th)	9 / 121	0	5th	Opposition
Hesse	2018		7.5 (5th)	11 / 137	5	5th	Opposition
Lower Saxony	2017	287,957	7.5 (4th)	11 / 137	3	4th	Opposition
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	2016	24,475	3.0 (6th)	0 / 71	0	6th	Extra-parliamentary
North Rhine-Westphalia	2017	1,065,307	12.6 (3rd)	28 / 199	6	3rd	CDU–FDP
Rhineland-Palatinate	2016	132,262	6.2 (4th)	7 / 101	7	4th	SPD–FDP–Greens
Saarland	2017	17,419	3.3 (6th)	0 / 51	0	7th	Extra-parliamentary
Saxony	2014	61,847	3.8 (7th)	0 / 126	14	7th	Extra-parliamentary
Saxony-Anhalt	2016	54,525	4.9 (6th)	0 / 105	0	6th	Extra-parliamentary
Schleswig-Holstein	2017	105,770	11.5 (4th)	9 / 69	3	4th	CDU–Greens–FDP
Thuringia	2014	23,352	2.5 (7th)	0 / 91	7	7th	Extra-parliamentary

Leadership

Hans-Dietrich Genscher served almost continuously as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor from 1974 to 1992

Wolfgang Gerhardt

Party chairmen

Leaders in the Bundestag

See also

• Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups


• Franz Xaver Kappus


• Liberalism in Germany


• List of political parties in Germany


• Politics of Germany

Notes

Citations

References

• 
  Kirchner, Emil; Broughton, David (1988). "The FDP in the Federal Republic of Germany". In Kirchner, Emil. Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–93. ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9.
  ^{[dead link]}
  


• 
  Roberts, Geoffrey K. (1997). Party Politics in the New Germany. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-85567-311-3.
  


• 
  Aguilera de Prat, Cesáreo R.; Rosenstein, Jed (2009). Political Parties and European Integration. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-90-5201-535-4.
  

External links

• 
  Official website
  
  • 
    Electoral Platform/Manifesto of the FDP for the 2013 federal elections (English)