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Arthur Miller
Born	Arthur Asher Miller (1915-10-17)October 17, 1915 Harlem, New York City, U.S.
Died	February 10, 2005(2005-02-10) (aged 89) Roxbury, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation	Playwright essayist
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of Michigan
Notable works	All My Sons Death of a Salesman The Crucible A View from the Bridge
Notable awards	1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1984 Kennedy Center Honors 2001 Praemium Imperiale 2003 Jerusalem Prize
Spouse	Mary Slattery (m. 1940; div. 1956) Marilyn Monroe (m. 1956; div. 1961) Inge Morath (m. 1962; d. 2002)
Children	4, including Rebecca Miller
Relatives	Joan Copeland (sister)
Signature

Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist, and a major figure in the twentieth-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (1955, revised 1956). He also wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on The Misfits (1961). The drama Death of a Salesman has been numbered on the short list of finest American plays in the 20th century alongside Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night and Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire.^[1]

Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama; testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee;^[2] and was married to Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, Miller received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.^[3][4] He received the Prince of Asturias Award and the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2002 and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003,^[5] as well as the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Lifetime Achievement Award.^[6][7]

Biography

Early life

Miller was born on October 17, 1915, in Harlem, in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the second of three children of Augusta (Barnett) and Isidore Miller. Miller was Jewish,^[8][9][10] and of Polish Jewish descent.^{[11][12][13][14]} His father was born in Radomyśl Wielki, Galicia (then part of Austria-Hungary, now Poland), and his mother was a native of New York whose parents also arrived from that town.^[15] Isidore owned a women's clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a wealthy and respected man in the community.^[16] The family, including his younger sister Joan Copeland, lived on West^[17]110th Street in Manhattan, owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens, and employed a chauffeur.^[18] In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, Brooklyn.^[19] As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family.^[18] After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at several menial jobs to pay for his college tuition.^[19][20] After graduation (circa 1926), he began to work as a psychiatric aide and also a copywriter before accepting faculty posts at New York University and New Hampshire University. On May 1, 1935, Miller joined the League of American Writers (1935–1943), whose members included Alexander Trachtenberg of International Publishers, Frank Folsom, Louis Untermeyer, I. F. Stone, Myra Page, Millen Brand, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Hammett. (Members were largely either Communist Party members or fellow travelers.)^[21]

At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and worked for the student paper, The Michigan Daily. It was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain.^[22] Miller switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain. The award brought him his first recognition and led him to begin to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. Miller enrolled in a playwriting seminar taught by the influential Professor Kenneth Rowe, who instructed him in his early forays into playwriting;^[23] Rowe emphasized how a play is built in order to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called "the dynamics of play construction".^[24] Rowe provided realistic feedback along with much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend.^[25] Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater throughout the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000.^[26] In 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award.^[22]
After his graduation in 1938, he joined the Federal Theatre Project, a New Deal agency established to provide jobs in the theater. He chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox.^[22] However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939.^[19] Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS.^[19][22]

Early career

In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery.^[27] The couple had two children, Jane and Robert (born May 31, 1947). Miller was exempted from military service during World War II because of a high school football injury to his left kneecap.^[19]
That same year his first play was produced; The Man Who Had All the Luck won the Theatre Guild's National Award.^[28] The play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews.^[29]

In 1947, Miller's play All My Sons, the writing of which had commenced in 1941, was a success on Broadway (earning him his first Tony Award, for Best Author) and his reputation as a playwright was established.^[30] Years later, in a 1994 interview with Ron Rifkin, Miller said that most contemporary critics regarded All My Sons as "a very depressing play in a time of great optimism" and that positive reviews from Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times had saved it from failure.^[31]

In 1948, Miller built a small studio in Roxbury, Connecticut. There, in less than a day, he wrote Act I of Death of a Salesman. Within six weeks, he completed the rest of the play,^[22] one of the classics of world theater.^[19][32]Death of a Salesman premiered on Broadway on February 10, 1949, at the Morosco Theatre, directed by Elia Kazan, and starring Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. The play was commercially successful and critically acclaimed, winning a Tony Award for Best Author, the New York Drama Circle Critics' Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. The play was performed 742 times.^[19]

In 1949, Miller exchanged letters with Eugene O'Neill regarding Miller's production of All My Sons. O'Neill had sent Miller a congratulatory telegram; in response, he wrote a letter that consisted of a few paragraphs detailing his gratitude for the telegram, apologizing for not responding earlier, and inviting Eugene to the opening of Death of a Salesman. O'Neill replied, accepting the apology, but declining the invitation, explaining that his Parkinson's disease made it difficult to travel. He ended the letter with an invitation to Boston, a trip that never occurred.^[33]

Critical years

In 1955, a one-act version of Miller's verse drama A View from the Bridge opened on Broadway in a joint bill with one of Miller's lesser-known plays, A Memory of Two Mondays. The following year, Miller revised A View from the Bridge as a two-act prose drama, which Peter Brook directed in London.^[34] A French-Italian co-production Vu du pont, based on the play, was released in 1962.

Marriages and family

Marriage ceremony with Marilyn Monroe in 1956

In June 1956, Miller left his first wife, Mary Slattery, whom he married in 1940, and married film star Marilyn Monroe.^[27] They had met in 1951, had a brief affair, and remained in contact since.^[19][27] Monroe had just turned 30 when they married and, having never had a real family of her own, was eager to join the family of her new husband.^[35]:156

Monroe began to reconsider her career and the fact that trying to manage it made her feel helpless. She admitted to Miller, "I hate Hollywood. I don't want it anymore. I want to live quietly in the country and just be there when you need me. I can't fight for myself anymore."^[35]:154

She converted to Judaism to "express her loyalty and get close to both Miller and his parents", writes biographer Jeffrey Meyers.^[35]:156 Monroe told her close friend, Susan Strasberg: "I can identify with the Jews. Everybody's always out to get them, no matter what they do, like me."^[35]:156 Soon after she converted, Egypt banned all of her movies.^[35]:157

Away from Hollywood and the culture of celebrity, Monroe's life became more normal; she began cooking, keeping house and giving Miller more attention and affection than he had been used to.^[35]:157 His children, aged twelve and nine, adored her and were reluctant to return to their mother when the weekend was over.^[35]:157 As she was also fond of older people, she got along well with his parents, and the feeling was mutual.^[35]:157

Later that year, Miller was subpoenaed by the HUAC, and Monroe accompanied him. In her personal notes, she wrote about her worries during this period:

I am so concerned about protecting Arthur. I love him—and he is the only person—human being I have ever known that I could love not only as a man to which I am attracted to practically out of my senses—but he is the only person—as another human being that I trust as much as myself...^[36]

Miller began work on writing the screenplay for The Misfits in 1960, directed by John Huston and starring Monroe. But it was during the filming that Miller and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life.^[37] Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and more drugs to help her wake up, which caused her to arrive on the set late and then have trouble remembering her lines. Huston was unaware that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life. He recalled later, "I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions."^[38]

Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after their five years of marriage.^[22] Nineteen months later, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose.^[27] Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in The Asphalt Jungle in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors as opposed to the stresses of being a star: "The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had nothing to do with the Hollywood set-up."^[39]

Miller later married photographer Inge Morath in February 1962. She had worked as a photographer documenting the production of The Misfits. The first of their two children, Rebecca, was born September 15, 1962. Their son, Daniel, was born with Down syndrome in November 1966. Against his wife's wishes, Miller had him institutionalized, first at a home for infants in New York City, and then at the Southbury Training School in Connecticut. Though Morath visited Daniel often, Miller never visited him at the school and rarely spoke of him.^[40] Miller and Inge remained together until her death in 2002. Arthur Miller's son-in-law, actor Daniel Day-Lewis, is said to have visited Daniel frequently, and to have persuaded Arthur Miller to meet with him.^[41]

HUAC controversy and The Crucible

In 1952, Elia Kazan appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Kazan named eight members of the Group Theatre, including Clifford Odets, Paula Strasberg, Lillian Hellman, J. Edward Bromberg, and John Garfield,^[42] who in recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party.^[43]

After speaking with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692.^[27]The Crucible, in which Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692,^[44][45][2] opened at the Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953. Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its release, today The Crucible is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world.^[27] It was adapted into an opera by Robert Ward in 1961.

Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended, and they did not speak to each other for the next ten years.^[43] The HUAC took an interest in Miller himself not long after The Crucible opened, denying him a passport to attend the play's London opening in 1954.^[22] Kazan defended his own actions through his film On the Waterfront, in which a dockworker heroically testifies against a corrupt union boss.^{[citation needed]}

When Miller applied in 1956 for a routine renewal of his passport, the House Un-American Activities Committee used this opportunity to subpoena him to appear before the committee. Before appearing, Miller asked the committee not to ask him to name names, to which the chairman, Francis E. Walter (D-PA) agreed.^[46]

While newsmen take notes, Chairman Dies of House Un-American Activities Committee reads and proofs his letter replying to Pres. Roosevelt's attack on the Committee, October 26, 1938

When Miller attended the hearing, to which Monroe accompanied him, risking her own career,^[27] he gave the committee a detailed account of his political activities.^[47] Reneging on the chairman's promise, the committee demanded the names of friends and colleagues who had participated in similar activities.^[46] Miller refused to comply, saying "I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him."^[46] As a result, a judge found Miller guilty of contempt of Congress in May 1957. Miller was sentenced to a fine and a prison sentence, blacklisted, and disallowed a US passport.^[48] In 1958, his conviction was overturned by the court of appeals, which ruled that Miller had been misled by the chairman of the HUAC.^[49]

Miller's experience with the HUAC affected him throughout his life. In the late 1970s he became very interested in the highly publicized Barbara Gibbons murder case, in which Gibbons' son Peter Reilly was convicted of his mother's murder based on what many felt was a coerced confession and little other evidence. City Confidential, an A&E Network series, produced an episode about the murder, postulating that part of the reason Miller took such an active interest (including supporting Reilly's defense and using his own celebrity to bring attention to Reilly's plight) was because he had felt similarly persecuted in his run-ins with the HUAC. He sympathized with Reilly, whom he firmly believed to be innocent and to have been railroaded by the Connecticut State Police and the Attorney General who had initially prosecuted the case.^[50][51]

Later career

Miller in 1966

In 1964 After the Fall was produced, and is said to be a deeply personal view of Miller's experiences during his marriage to Monroe. The play reunited Miller with his former friend Kazan: they collaborated on both the script and the direction. After the Fall opened on January 23, 1964, at the ANTA Theatre in Washington Square Park amid a flurry of publicity and outrage at putting a Monroe-like character, called Maggie, on stage.^[27] Robert Brustein, in a review in the New Republic, called After the Fall "a three and one half hour breach of taste, a confessional autobiography of embarrassing explicitness . . . there is a misogynistic strain in the play which the author does not seem to recognize. . . . He has created a shameless piece of tabloid gossip, an act of exhibitionism which makes us all voyeurs, . . . a wretched piece of dramatic writing."^[52] That same year, Miller produced Incident at Vichy. In 1965, Miller was elected the first American president of PEN International, a position which he held for four years.^[53] A year later, Miller organized the 1966 PEN congress in New York City. Miller also wrote the penetrating family drama, The Price, produced in 1968.^[27] It was Miller's most successful play since Death of a Salesman.^[54]

In 1969, Miller's works were banned in the Soviet Union after he campaigned for the freedom of dissident writers.^[22] Throughout the 1970s, Miller spent much of his time experimenting with the theatre, producing one-act plays such as Fame and The Reason Why, and traveling with his wife, producing In The Country and Chinese Encounters with her. Both his 1972 comedy The Creation of the World and Other Business and its musical adaptation, Up from Paradise, were critical and commercial failures.^[55][56]

Miller was an unusually articulate commentator on his own work. In 1978 he published a collection of his Theater Essays, edited by Robert A. Martin and with a foreword by Miller. Highlights of the collection included Miller's introduction to his Collected Plays, his reflections on the theory of tragedy, comments on the McCarthy Era, and pieces arguing for a publicly supported theater. Reviewing this collection in the Chicago Tribune, Studs Terkel remarked, "in reading [the Theater Essays]...you are exhilaratingly aware of a social critic, as well as a playwright, who knows what he's talking about."^[57]

In 1983, Miller traveled to China to produce and direct Death of a Salesman at the People's Art Theatre in Beijing. The play was a success in China^[54] and in 1984, Salesman in Beijing, a book about Miller's experiences in Beijing, was published. Around the same time, Death of a Salesman was made into a TV movie starring Dustin Hoffman as Willy Loman. Shown on CBS, it attracted 25 million viewers.^[22][58] In late 1987, Miller's autobiographical work,
Timebends, was published. Before it was published, it was well known that Miller would not talk about Monroe in interviews; in Timebends Miller talks about his experiences with Monroe in detail.^[27]

During the early-mid 1990s, Miller wrote three new plays: The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991), The Last Yankee (1992), and Broken Glass (1994). In 1996, a film of The Crucible starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Paul Scofield, Bruce Davison, and Winona Ryder opened. Miller spent much of 1996 working on the screenplay for the film.^[22]

Mr. Peters' Connections was staged Off-Broadway in 1998, and Death of a Salesman was revived on Broadway in 1999 to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. The play, once again, was a large critical success, winning a Tony Award for best revival of a play.^[59]

In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.^[60] Miller was honored with the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award for a Master American Dramatist in 1998. In 2001 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Miller for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.^[61] Miller's lecture was entitled "On Politics and the Art of Acting."^[62]
Miller's lecture analyzed political events (including the U.S. presidential election of 2000)
in terms of the "arts of performance," and it drew attacks from some conservatives^[63] such as Jay Nordlinger, who called it "a disgrace,"
^[64] and George Will, who argued that Miller was not legitimately a "scholar."^[65]

In 1999, Miller was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life."^[66] In 2001, Miller received the National Book Foundation's Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. On May 1, 2002, Miller was awarded Spain's Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature as "the undisputed master of modern drama." Later that year, Ingeborg Morath died of lymphatic cancer^[67] at the age of 78. The following year Miller won the Jerusalem Prize.^[22]

In December 2004, 89-year-old Miller announced that he had been in love with 34-year-old minimalist painter Agnes Barley and had been living with her at his Connecticut farm since 2002, and that they intended to marry.^[68] Within hours of her father's death, Rebecca Miller ordered Barley to vacate the premises, having consistently opposed the relationship.^[69] Miller's final play, Finishing the Picture, opened at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, in the fall of 2004, with one character said to be based on Barley.^[70] It was reported to be based on his experience during the filming The Misfits,^[71] though Miller insisted the play is a work of fiction with independent characters that were no more than composite shadows of history.^[72]

Death

Miller died of bladder cancer and heart failure, at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut. He had been in hospice care at his sister's apartment in New York since his release from hospital the previous month.^[73] He died on the evening of February 10, 2005 (the 56th anniversary of the Broadway debut of Death of a Salesman), aged 89, surrounded by Barley, family and friends.^[74][75] His body was interred at Roxbury Center Cemetery in Roxbury.

Legacy

Arthur Miller's career as a writer spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, Miller was considered to be one of the greatest dramatists of the twentieth century.^[32] After his death, many respected actors, directors, and producers paid tribute to Miller,^[76] some calling him the last great practitioner of the American stage,^[77] and Broadway theatres darkened their lights in a show of respect.^[78]
Miller's alma mater, the University of Michigan, opened the Arthur Miller Theatre in March 2007. As per his express wish, it is the only theatre in the world that bears Miller's name.^[79]

Other notable arrangements for Miller's legacy are that his letters, notes, drafts and other papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin.

Arthur Miller is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. He was inducted in 1979.^[80][81]

In 1993 he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech.^[82]

In 2017 his daughter, Rebecca Miller, a writer and filmmaker, completed a documentary about her father's life, under the title Arthur Miller: Writer.^[83]

Minor planet 3769 Arthurmiller is named after him.^[84]

Foundation

The Arthur Miller Foundation was founded to honor the legacy of Miller and his New York City Public School Education. The mission of the foundation is: "Promoting increased access and equity to theater arts education in our schools and increasing the number of students receiving theater arts education as an integral part of their academic curriculum."^[85] Other initiatives include certification of new theater teachers and their placement in public schools; increasing the number of theater teachers in the system from the current estimate of 180 teachers in 1800 schools; supporting professional development of all certified theater teachers; providing teaching artists, cultural partners, physical spaces, and theater ticket allocations for students. The foundation's primary purpose is to provide arts education in the New York City school system. The current chancellor of the foundation is Carmen Farina, a large proponent of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. Alec Baldwin, Ellen Barkin, Katori Hall, Dustin Hoffman, Scarlett Johansson, Tony Kushner, Michael Mayer, Jim McElhinney, Julianne Moore, Liam Neeson, Lynn Nottage, David O. Russell, Liev Schreiber all serve on the Master Arts Council. Son-in-law Daniel Day-Lewis serves on the current board of directors.^[86]

The foundation celebrated Miller's 100th birthday with a one-night-only performance of Miller's seminal works in November 2015.^[87]

The Arthur Miller Foundation currently supports a pilot program in theater and film at the public school Quest to Learn in partnership with the Institute of Play. The model is being used as an in-school elective theater class and lab. The objective is to create a sustainable theater education model to disseminate to teachers at professional development workshops.^[88]

Archive

Miller donated thirteen boxes of his earliest manuscripts to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 1961 and 1962.^[89] This collection included the original handwritten notebooks and early typed drafts for Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, All My Sons, and other works. In January, 2018, the Ransom Center announced the acquisition of the remainder of the Miller archive totaling over 200 boxes.^[90][91] The full archive will be available for research after it is catalogued, no later than November, 2019.

Works

Non-fiction

• 
  Situation Normal (1944) is based on his experiences researching the war correspondence of Ernie Pyle.


• 
  In Russia (1969), the first of three books created with his photographer wife Inge Morath, offers Miller's impressions of Russia and Russian society.


• 
  In the Country (1977), with photographs by Morath and text by Miller, provides insight into how Miller spent his time in Roxbury, Connecticut and profiles of his various neighbors.


• 
  Chinese Encounters (1979) is a travel journal with photographs by Morath. It depicts the Chinese society in the state of flux which followed the end of the Cultural Revolution. Miller discusses the hardships of many writers, professors, and artists as they try to regain the sense of freedom and place they lost during Mao Zedong's regime.


• 
  Salesman in Beijing (1984) details Miller's experiences with the 1983 Beijing People's Theatre production of Death of a Salesman. He describes the idiosyncrasies, understandings, and insights encountered in directing a Chinese cast in a decidedly American play.


• 
  Timebends: A Life, Methuen London (1987) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
  ISBN 0-413-41480-9. Like Death of a Salesman, the book follows the structure of memory itself, each passage linked to and triggered by the one before.

Collections

• Abbotson, Susan C. W. (ed.), Arthur Miller: Collected Essays, Penguin 2016
  ISBN 978-0-14-310849-8
  


• Centola, Steven R. ed. Echoes Down the Corridor: Arthur Miller, Collected Essays 1944–2000, Viking Penguin (US)/Methuen (UK), 2000
  ISBN 0-413-75690-4
  


• Kushner, Tony, ed. Arthur Miller, Collected Plays 1944–1961 (Library of America, 2006)
  ISBN 978-1-931082-91-4.


• Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978
  ISBN 0-14-004903-7
  

Miller's styles, themes, and characters

Miller successfully synthesized diverse dramatic styles and movements in the belief that a play should embody a delicate balance between the individual and society, between the singular personality and the polity, and between the separate and collective elements of life. He thought himself a writer of social plays with a strong emphasis on moral problems in American society and often questioned psychological causes of behavior. He also built on the realist tradition of Henrik Ibsen in his exploration of the individual's conflict with society but also borrowed Symbolist and expressionist techniques from Bertolt Brecht and others. Some critics attempt to interpret his work from either an exclusively political or an exclusively psychological standpoint but fail to pierce the social veil that Miller creates in his work.^[93] Miller often stressed that society made his characters what they are and how it dictated all of their fears and choices.^[94]

Themes

All American family

While Miller comes under criticism for his reputation, most critics note him as a dramatist of the family. One of his greatest strengths is his penetrating insight into familial relationships.^[95] Often, Miller's characters are living in service of their family. The conventions of the family play, such as patterns, setting, and style of representation were set canonically by Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, and Miller. In these plays, white men are privileged with their family and social responsibility; typically, these men are lower class. Miller maintained that family relationships and families must be immersed in social context.^[96]

Social responsibility

Miller is known for the consciousness of the characters in his play. In his plays, he confronts a level of banality with the roller coaster of guilt and responsibility. Some strong examples of characters who portray this struggle between their conscious and their social responsibility are Joe Keller in All My Sons and John Proctor in The Crucible.^[97] Miller often creates consequences for characters who ignore or violate their social responsibilities.

Life, death and human purpose

Miller's determination to deal with the eternal themes of life, death and human purpose is one of his most prominent themes across his works. This theme spans from Willy Loman's dedication to providing for his family and his inherent belief that his death would leave a legacy, to John Proctor's willingness to die to preserve his name. Nearly all of Miller's protagonists struggle with the mark they leave on life and what it means to die.^[98]

Famous characters of his works

Willy Loman

In Death of a Salesman – originally entitled “The Inside of His Head” – Miller brilliantly solves the problem of revealing his main character's inner discord, rendering Willy Loman as solid as the society in which he tries to sell himself. Indeed, many critics believe that Miller has never surpassed his achievement in this play, which stands as his breakthrough work, distinguished by an extremely long Broadway run, by many revivals, and by many theater awards, including the Pulitzer Prize in 1949.^[93][99]Death of a Salesman seems destined to remain an American classic and a standard text in American classrooms.

Willy Loman desperately wants to believe that he has succeeded, that he is “well liked” as a great salesman, a fine father, and a devoted husband. That he has not really attracted the admiration and popularity at which he has aimed is evident, however, in the weariness that belabors him from the beginning of the play. Nearing retirement he suffers a drastic decrease in sales work, a dissatisfying marriage, and a turbulent relationship with his sons which inexorably leads to his suicide with the justification that the insurance will finally provide for his family.^[93]

Eddie Carbone

Eddie Carbone is the central character in A View from the Bridge and is not positioned as the protagonist or the antagonist. He is a longshoreman who lives with his wife, Beatrice, and his 17-year-old niece, Catherine. When his family from Italy, Rodolpho and Marco, migrate illegally and begin to live with him, the small world that he operates in is disrupted. Eddie becomes conflicted and ultimately self-destructive over his sexual attraction to his niece and her involvement with one of his Italian tenants. His character arc culminates as he becomes an informer to the immigration authorities which leads to a confrontation with one of his tenants. Marco labels him as an informer and Eddie perceives this as a permanent blemish on his good name. This confrontation ultimately leads to his death, leaving Eddie as one of Miller's examples of tragic figures.^[100][101]

John Proctor

John Proctor is the protagonist of one of Miller's most controversial works, The Crucible. He is a faithful farmer who lives by a strict moral code that he violates by succumbing to an affair with a young girl, Abigail, who serves in his home. After Proctor rejects her, Abigail spitefully accuses John's wife of witchcraft, involving him in a string of affairs that challenge his beliefs and convictions. In his attempts to save his wife, he is convicted of witchcraft as well, and will only be acquitted if he confesses to his crime and signs his name to a piece of paper.^[102] Proctor is a strong, vital man in the prime of his life both in his confession of witchcraft and the subsequent passion with which he defends his name at the cost of his life.^[103]

Joe Keller

Critics have long admired the playwright's suspenseful handling of the Keller family's burden in the play All My Sons. The critical character in this work is Joe Keller, who permitted defective parts to remain in warplanes that subsequently crash. Not only does Joe Keller fail to recognize his social responsibility, but also he allows his business partner to take the blame and serve the prison term for the crime. Gradually, events combine to strip Keller of his rationalizations. He argues that he never believed that the cracked engine heads would be installed and that he never admitted his mistake because it would have driven him out of business at the age of sixty-one, when he would not have another chance to “make something” for his family, his highest priority. Joe's irresponsibility is exposed through his son's questioning of his very humanity.^[93] Joe's suicide results from the tremendous guilt and self-awareness that arises during the play.

Maggie

Maggie is a character that appears in Arthur Miller's partially autobiographical play, After the Fall. She is both one of his most criticised and controversial characters, and one of his most famous ones. She is a thinly veiled version of Marilyn Monroe, Miller's former wife, and thus her suicide attempts after her and Quentin's divorce, and her depression is from reality. This is one of the reasons that reviews upon its first release were generally negative, owing to the similarities between fact and fiction. However, academic scholars find her to be one of the best, if not the best, of Miller's creations, as the play presents readers with a superb portrait of a woman facing a mental crisis. It also shows Monroe in comparison to the reasons for her marriage to Miller- for example, the fact that Miller took her seriously, and was ready to treat her as more than just an object, like everybody else. Miller also highlights his own feelings after Monroe's death by showing Quentin's, and his regret that he had been unable to save her from herself.

Literary and public criticism

Christopher Bigsby wrote Arthur Miller: The Definitive Biography based on boxes of papers Miller made available to him before his death in 2005.^[92] The book was published in November 2008, and is reported to reveal unpublished works in which Miller "bitterly attack[ed] the injustices of American racism long before it was taken up by the civil rights movement".^[92]

In his book Trinity of Passion, author Alan M. Wald conjectures that Miller was "a member of a writer's unit of the Communist Party around 1946," using the pseudonym Matt Wayne, and editing a drama column in the magazine The New Masses.^[104][105]

Two months after Miller died Peter O'Toole called him a "bore"^[106] and Roger Kimball went on record saying that Miller's artistic accomplishments were meager.^[107]

References

Bibliography

• Bigsby, Christopher (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller, Cambridge 1997
  ISBN 0-521-55992-8
  


• Gottfried, Martin, Arthur Miller, A Life, Da Capo Press (US)/Faber and Faber (UK), 2003
  ISBN 0-571-21946-2
  


• Koorey, Stefani, Arthur Miller's Life and Literature, Scarecrow, 2000
  ISBN 978-0810838697
  


• Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

Further reading

• 
  Critical Companion to Arthur Miller, Susan C. W. Abbotson, Greenwood (2007)


• 
  Student Companion to Arthur Miller, Susan C. W. Abbotson, Facts on File (2000)


• 
  File on Miller, Christopher Bigsby (1988)


• 
  Arthur Miller & Company, Christopher Bigsby, editor (1990)


• 
  Arthur Miller: A Critical Study, Christopher Bigsby (2005)


• 
  Remembering Arthur Miller, Christopher Bigsby, editor (2005)


• 
  Arthur Miller 1915–1962, Christopher Bigsby (2008, U.K.; 2009, U.S.)


• 
  The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller (Cambridge Companions to Literature), Christopher Bigsby, editor (1998, updated and republished 2010)


• 
  Arthur Miller 1962–2005, Christopher Bigsby (2011)


• 
  Nelson, Benjamin (1970). Arthur Miller, Portrait of a Playwright. New York: McKay.
  


• 
  Arthur Miller: Critical Insights, Brenda Murphy, editor, Salem (2011)


• 
  Understanding Death of a Salesman, Brenda Murphy and Susan C. W. Abbotson, Greenwood (1999)


• 
  Robert Willoughby Corrigan, ed. (1969). Arthur Miller: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0135829739. OL 5683736M.
  

Critical articles

• 
  Arthur Miller Journal, published biannually by Penn State UP. Vol. 1.1 (2006)


• Radavich, David. "Arthur Miller's Sojourn in the Heartland." American Drama 16:2 (Summer 2007): 28–45.

External links

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Organizations

• Arthur Miller official website


• Arthur Miller Society


• The Arthur Miller Foundation

Archive

• 
  The Arthur Miller Collection at the Harry Ransom Center
  


• "Playwright Arthur Miller’s archive comes to the Harry Ransom Center"

Databases

• 
  Arthur Miller at the Internet Broadway Database
  


• 
  Arthur Miller at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
  


• 
  Arthur Miller on IMDb

Websites

• 
  Arthur Miller at Curlie
  


• 
  Arthur Miller at Find a Grave
  


• 
  Appearances on C-SPAN
  


• 
  A Visit With Castro – Miller's article in The Nation, January 12, 2004


• 
  Works by Arthur Miller at Open Library
  


• Joyce Carol Oates on Arthur Miller


• Arthur Miller Biography


• Arthur Miller and Mccarthyism

Interviews

• 
  Carlisle, Olga & Styron, Rose (Summer 1966). "Arthur Miller, The Art of Theater No. 2". The Paris Review Interview.
  


• 
  Bigby, Christopher (Fall 1999). "Arthur Miller, The Art of Theater No. 2, Part 2". The Paris Review.
  


• 
  Miller interview, Humanities, March–April 2001

Obituaries

• 
  The New York Times Obituary


• NPR obituary


• CNN obituary