Armistice of Focșani
 "Bukarester Tagblatt" announcing the conclusion of the truce | |
| Type | Truce |
|---|---|
| Signed | 9 December 1917 |
| Location | Focșani, Kingdom of Romania |
| Negotiators | General Kelchevsky (Russian Republic) General Alexandru Lupescu (Romania) General Curt von Morgen (Central Powers)[1] |
| Parties |  German Empire Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Romania Russian Republic |
The Armistice of Focșani (Romanian: Armistițiul de la Focșani, also called the Truce of Focșani) was an agreement that ended the hostilities between Romania and the Central Powers in World War I. It was signed on 9 December 1917 in Focșani in Romania.
Contents
1 Background
2 Truce
3 Aftermath
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
Background
Romania had entered World War I in August 1916, invading Austria-Hungary in an attempt to seize the disputed province of Transylvania. However, Germany launched a successful counteroffensive in September 1916, capturing Bucharest and occupying approximately two thirds of the Romanian territory by December 1916. The Romanian government was forced to retreat to Iași, in the historical region of Moldavia, but was able to stave off complete collapse thanks to the numerous Russian reinforcements that had been sent to Romania to prevent a Central Power invasion of southern Russia at the beginning of 1917, and later, in spite of the unwillingness of the Russian troops to continue fighting, thanks to the successful repulse of the Central Powers' offensive at Mărășești and Oituz.[2][3]
Truce
The delegates of the negotiating parties
After the October Revolution of 1917, Russia fell into civil war, and the Russian government began withdrawing its troops from Romania. On December 4 and December 5, 1917, the Russians signed two ceasefire agreements with the Central Powers, followed later (on December 15) by a full armistice and, under the direction of Leon Trotsky and Adolph Joffe, peace negotiations with the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk made Romania geographically exposed. Lacking Russian support, the Romanian government was subsequently forced to sue for peace.[2][4]
The resulting truce was signed on December 9, 1917 in Focșani on the Siret River, which was the site of the main Romanian defensive line. The armistice ended Romanian hostilities with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
Aftermath
While the fighting had ended, much of Romania remained under Central Power occupation after the truce. In May 1918, the Romanian government signed the punitive Treaty of Bucharest, which required Romania to cede the province of Dobruja and several passes in the Carpathian Mountains, and grant multiple economic privileges to the Central Powers.[3][5]
In 1919, Romania's territorial cessions to Germany were renounced in the Treaty of Versailles. Romania's cessions to Austria-Hungary were renounced in the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, while the cessions to Bulgaria were renounced in the Treaty of Neuilly in 1919.
Notes
^ Ștefan Borcea (22 April 2015). "Armistiţiul de la Focşani din anul 1917, „vântul de abandon şi de trădare". Salvarea României a venit pe termen scurt, cu consecinţe ireparabile (Armistice of Focșani from 1917, "the wind of abandonment and treason". Romania's salvation came on short term, with irreparable consequences)" (in Romanian). Adevărul. Retrieved 14 December 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ ab Home, p.455
^ ab Tucker, p.1555
^ Bunyan, James (1934). The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1918: Documents and Materials. Stanford University Press. p. 273.
^ Home, p.456
References
Home, John (2012). A Companion to World War I. John Wiley & Sons.
Tucker, Spencer (2006). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
Further reading
- Glenn E. Torrey (1989), "Romania Leaves the War: The Decision to Sign an Armistice, December 1917", East European Quarterly, 23 (3): 283–92
