Linalool






































































































Linalool

Skeletal formula

Ball-and-stick model
Names

Preferred IUPAC name
3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol

Other names
3,7-Dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol

Identifiers


  • Compounds

  • (±)-linalool


  • (R): (−)-linalool


  • (S): (+)-linalool



CAS Number


  • 78-70-6 ☑Y

  • (R): 126-91-0 ☑Y

  • (S): 126-90-9 ☑Y

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
3DMet
B05103

ChEBI


  • CHEBI:17580 ☑Y

  • (R): CHEBI:28

  • (S): CHEBI:98

ChEMBL


  • ChEMBL25306 ☑Y

  • (S): ChEMBL235672

ChemSpider

  • 13849981 ☑Y

ECHA InfoCard
100.001.032

IUPHAR/BPS
  • 2469

KEGG

  • (R): C11388

  • (S): C11389


PubChem CID

  • 6549

  • (R): 443158

  • (S): 67179

UNII

  • D81QY6I88E ☑Y




Properties

Chemical formula
C10H18O

Molar mass
7002154253000000000♠154.253 g·mol−1

Density
 0.858 to 0.868 g/cm3

Melting point
 < −20 °C (−4 °F; 253 K)

Boiling point
 198 to 199 °C (388 to 390 °F; 471 to 472 K)

Solubility in water

 1.589 g/l
Hazards

NFPA 704


Flammability code 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g., diesel fuel
Health code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g., turpentine
Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen
Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond


2


1


0

Flash point
 55 °C (131 °F; 328 K)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).


☒N verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)

Infobox references

Linalool (/lɪˈnæloʊɒl, laɪ-, -loʊoʊl, -ˈluːl/)[1][2] refers to two enantiomers of a naturally occurring terpene alcohol found in many flowers and spice plants. These have multiple commercial applications, the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent (floral, with a touch of spiciness). It has other names such as β-linalool, linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide, allo-ocimenol, and 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol.




Contents






  • 1 Nature


  • 2 Enantiomers


  • 3 Biosynthesis


  • 4 Uses


  • 5 Plants that contain linalool


  • 6 Safety and potential toxicity


  • 7 See also


  • 8 References


  • 9 External links





Nature


Over 200 species of plants produce linalool, mainly from the families Lamiaceae (mint and other herbs), Lauraceae (laurels, cinnamon, rosewood), and Rutaceae (citrus fruits), but also birch trees and other plants, from tropical to boreal climate zones, including fungi.[3]



Enantiomers




(S)-(+)-linalool (left) and (R)-(–)-linalool (right)


Linalool has a stereogenic center at C3 and therefore there are two stereoisomers: (R)-(–)-linalool is also known as licareol and (S)-(+)-linalool is also known as coriandrol.


Both enantiomeric forms are found in nature: (S)-linalool is found, for example, as a major constituent of the essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), cymbopogon (Cymbopogon martini var. martinii), and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) flowers. (R)-linalool is present in lavender (Lavandula officinalis), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), among others.


Each enantiomer evokes different neural responses in humans, so are classified as possessing distinct scents. (S)-(+)-Linalool is perceived as sweet, floral, petitgrain-like (odor threshold 7.4 ppb) and the (R)-form as more woody and lavender-like (odor threshold 0.8 ppb).



Biosynthesis


In higher plants, linalool, as other monoterpenoids, is produced from isopentenyl pyrophosphate via the universal isoprenoid intermediate geranyl pyrophosphate, through a class of membrane-bound enzymes named monoterpene synthases. One of these, linalool synthase (LIS), has been reported to produce (S)-linalool in several floral tissues.



Uses


Linalool is used as a scent in 60% to 80% of perfumed hygiene products and cleaning agents including soaps, detergents, shampoos, and lotions.[4]


It is also used as a chemical intermediate. One common downstream product of linalool is vitamin E.[citation needed]


In addition, linalool is used by pest professionals as a flea, fruit fly, and cockroach insecticide. It can also be used a method of pest control for codling moths. Linalool creates a synergistic effect with the codling moth's phermone called codlemone, which increases attraction of males.[5]


Linalool is used in some mosquito-repellent products;[6] however, the EPA notes that "a preliminary screen of labels for products containing [l]inalool (as the sole active ingredient) indicates that efficacy data on file with the Agency may not support certain claims to repel mosquitos."[7]



Plants that contain linalool




  • Lavandula[8]


  • Cinnamomum tamala[9]

  • Cannabis sativa

  • Cannabis indica


  • Ocimum basilicum[10]


  • Solidago Meyen, Solidago chilensis[11]


  • Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort)

  • Humulus lupulus



Safety and potential toxicity


Linalool can be absorbed by inhalation of its aerosol and by oral intake or skin absorption, potentially causing irritation, pain and allergic reactions.[3] Some 7% of people undergoing patch testing in Europe were found to be allergic to the oxidized form of linalool.[12] Upon inhalation, it may also cause drowsiness or dizziness.[3]



See also



  • Lavender

  • Zanthoxylum simulans



References





  1. ^ "Linalool". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 2016-01-22..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Linalool". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-22.


  3. ^ abc "Linalool". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.


  4. ^ "Widely Used Fragrance Ingredients In Shampoos And Conditioners Are Frequent Causes Of Eczema". MedicalNewsToday. March 28, 2009.


  5. ^ Yang, Zhihua; Bengtsson, Marie; Witzgall, Peter (2004-03-01). "Host Plant Volatiles Synergize Response to Sex Pheromone in Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (3): 619–629. doi:10.1023/b:joec.0000018633.94002.af. ISSN 0098-0331.


  6. ^ "What to look for when you're buying mosquito repellent". South China Morning Post. September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.


  7. ^ EPA Linalool Summary Document Registration Review: Initial Docket (PDF) April 2007


  8. ^ Kasper, S.; Gastpar, M.; Muller, W. E.; Volz, H. P.; Moller, H. J.; Dienel, A. Hüsnü; et al. (2010). "Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of 'sybsyndromal' anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trail". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 25 (5): 277–87. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e32833b3242. PMID 20512042.


  9. ^ Ahmed, Aftab; Choudhary, M. Iqbal; Farooq, Afgan; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, Fatih; Can Başer, K. Hüsnü; et al. (2000). "Essential oil constituents of the spice Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 15 (6): 388–390. doi:10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<388::AID-FFJ928>3.0.CO;2-F.


  10. ^ Klimánková, Eva; Holadová, Kateřina; Hajšlová, Jana; Čajka, Tomáš; Poustka, Jan; Koudela, Martin; et al. (2008). "Aroma profiles of five basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars grown under conventional and organic conditions". Food Chemistry. 107 (1): 464–472. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.062.


  11. ^ Vila, R.; Mundina, M.; Tomi, F. L.; Furlán, R.; Zacchino, S.; Casanova, J.; Cañigueral, S. (2002). "Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Solidago chilensis". Planta Medica. 68 (2): 164–167. doi:10.1055/s-2002-20253. PMID 11859470.


  12. ^ Ung, C. Y; White JML; White, I. R; Banerjee, P; McFadden, J. P (2018). "Patch testing with the European baseline series fragrance markers: A 2016 update". British Journal of Dermatology. 178 (3): 776–780. doi:10.1111/bjd.15949. PMID 28960261.




External links



  • Comprehensive data sheet


  • Record in the Household Products Database of NLM








-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun

圖片
12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun Type 89 gun mounted on Chitose Type Naval gun anti-aircraft gun Place of origin Japan Service history In service 1932–45 Used by Imperial Japanese Navy Wars World War II Production history Designed 1928–32 Produced 1932–45 No.  built ~1500 Variants Type 88 Specifications Mass 3,100 kilograms (6,834 lb) Barrel length 5,080 millimeters (16 ft 8 in) (bore length) Shell Fixed Shell weight 20.9–23.45 kilograms (46.1–51.7 lb) Caliber 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Breech horizontal breech block Elevation -8° to +90° [1] Rate of fire 8-14 rounds per minute Muzzle velocity 720–725 meters per second (2,360–2,380 ft/s) Maximum firing range 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at 90° (AA ceiling) 14,800 meters (48,600 ft) at 45° The 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA...
閱讀完整內容

Rikitea

圖片
Town in French Polynesia, France Rikitea Town Rikitea Location in French Polynesia Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Country   France Overseas collectivity   French Polynesia Territory Gambier Islands Island Mangareva Rikitea is a small town on Mangareva, which is part of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. A majority of the islanders live in Rikitea. [1] [2] The island was a protectorate of France in 1871 and was annexed in 1881. [3] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Landmarks 5 Transportation 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History The town's history dates to the era when the island was first settled with people from the Marquesas Islands in 1100 AD. Captain James Wilson of the London Missionary Society arrived in 1797 on Du...
閱讀完整內容

University of Vienna

圖片
"Vienna University" redirects here. For Vienna University of Economics and Business, see Vienna University of Economics and Business. University of Vienna Universität Wien Type Public Established 1365 Budget € 544 million [1] Rector Heinz Engl Academic staff 6,765 Administrative staff 3,106 Students 94,000 [2] Postgraduates 16,490 Doctoral students 8,945 Location Main building, Vienna , Austria 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Coordinates: 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Campus Urban Colors Blue and White           Affiliations Campus Europae, EUA, UNICA Website www.univie.ac.at/en Data as of 2016 [update] The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the Ge...
閱讀完整內容