Americans




This article is about the people of the United States of America. For other uses, see American (disambiguation). For the meanings of American in various contexts, see American (word). For a similar title, see The Americans.





































































































































































Americans

Flag of the United States.svg
Flag of the United States

Total population

c. 308 million[1]
2010 United States Census
c. 320 million[2]
2015 estimate
Regions with significant populations
Mexico
738,100–1,000,000[3][4]
Canada
316,350–1,000,000[5][6]
Philippines
220,000–600,000[7][8]
Germany
324,000[9]
Israel
200,000[10][11]
United Kingdom
139,000–197,143[12][13]
South Korea
120,000–158,000[14]
Costa Rica
130,000[15]
France
100,000[16]
China
71,493[17]
Brazil
28,000–70,000[18][19]
Colombia
60,000[20]
Hong Kong
60,000[21]
India
60,000[22]
Australia
56,276[23]
Pakistan
52,486[24]
Japan
51,321[25]
Italy
50,000[26]
United Arab Emirates
50,000[27]
Haiti
45,000[28]
Saudi Arabia
40,000[29]
Argentina
37,000[30]
Norway
33,509[31]
Bahamas
30,000[32]
Russia
30,000[33]
Lebanon
25,000[34]
Panama
25,000[35]
Spain
22,082[36]
Chile
19,161[37]
El Salvador
19,000[38]
New Zealand
17,751[39]
Honduras
15,000[40]
Taiwan
10,645[41]
Austria
10,175[42]
Czech Republic
8,763[43]
Bermuda
8,000[44]
Kuwait
8,000[45]
Languages

Primarily American English, but also Spanish and others
Religion

Primarily Christian (Protestantism, Catholicism, and Mormonism)[46]
Various non-Christian religions (Judaism and others)[46]

Americans are nationals and citizens of the United States of America.[47][48] Although nationals and citizens make up the majority of Americans, some dual citizens, expatriates, and permanent residents, may also claim American nationality.[49][50] The United States is home to people of many different ethnic origins. As a result, American culture and law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity, but with citizenship and permanent allegiance.[51][52][53]


English-speakers, and even speakers of many other languages, typically use the term "American" to exclusively mean people of the United States; this developed from its original use to differentiate English people of the American colonies from English people of England.[54] The word "American" can also refer to people from the Americas in general[55] (see Names for United States citizens).




Contents






  • 1 Overview


  • 2 Racial and ethnic groups


    • 2.1 White and European Americans


      • 2.1.1 Middle Easterners and North Africans




    • 2.2 Hispanic and Latino Americans


    • 2.3 Black and African Americans


    • 2.4 Asian Americans


    • 2.5 American Indians and Alaska Natives


    • 2.6 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders


    • 2.7 Two or more races


    • 2.8 Some other race




  • 3 National personification


  • 4 Language


  • 5 Religion


  • 6 Culture


  • 7 Diaspora


  • 8 See also


  • 9 Footnotes


  • 10 References





Overview


Main articles: Race and ethnicity in the United States, Colonial United States, and Immigration to the United States

The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated to America or are descended from people who were brought as slaves within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands,[56] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century,[57] additionally America expanded into American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century.[58][48]


Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[59][60] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[59] It also includes influences of African-American culture.[61] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[59]


In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[62][63][64]



Racial and ethnic groups


Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States

See also: Demographics of the United States





















































2010 U.S. Census [65]Table 1[66]
Self-identified race Percent of population

White alone
 
 72.4%
Black or African American
 
 12.6%
Asian
 
 4.8%
American Indians and Alaska Natives
 
 0.9%
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders
 
 0.2%
Two or more races
 
 2.9%
Some other race
 
 6.2%
Total
 
100.0%

Hispanic and Latino Americans (of any race): 16.3%[67]



The United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically.[68]Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[69][70][71]


The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[69][70][72]



White and European Americans


Main articles: European Americans, White Americans, and White Hispanic and Latino Americans

People of European descent, or White Americans (also referred to as Caucasian Americans), constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.[a][65][74] They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[65] Of those reporting to be White American, 7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial; with largest combination being white and black.[74] Additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos.[74]Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states. There are four minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii.[65] In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority.[65] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine.[75]


The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population.[76]


The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565.[77]Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.[78] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents.


In the 2014 American Community Survey, German Americans (14.4%), Irish Americans (10.4%), English Americans (7.6%) and Italian Americans (5.4%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming 37.8% of the total population.[79] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply 'Americans' (since the introduction of a new ‘American’ category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly overepresented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[80][81][82][83][84][85]


Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[86] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[87] and median personal income[88] of any racial demographic in the nation.
































































































White and European American population by ancestry group[89][90]
Rank
 Ancestry group
 % of total population
 Pop. estimates
 R.
1 German 14.4% 46,047,113 [79]
2 Irish 10.4% 33,147,639 [79]
3 English 7.6% 24,382,182 [79]
4 American 6.9% 22,097,012 [79]
5 Italian 5.4% 17,220,604 [79]
6 Mexican 5.4% 16,794,111 [91]
7 Polish 2.9% 9,249,392 [79]
8
French (except Basque)
French Canadian
 2.6%
0.7%		 8,153,515
2,099,430		 [79]
9 Scottish 1.7% 5,365,154 [79]
10 Norwegian 1.4% 4,444,566 [79]
11 Dutch 1.3% 4,243,067 [79]
Total White and European American 59.34% 231,040,398 [74]

2010 United States Census & 2014 American Community Survey


Middle Easterners and North Africans


Main articles: Middle Eastern Americans, North Africans in the United States, Iranian Americans, Arab Americans, and Jewish Americans

According to the American Jewish Archives and the Arab American National Museum, some of the first Middle Easterners and North Africans (viz. Jews and Berbers) arrived in the Americas between the late 15th and mid-16th centuries.[92][93][94][95] Many were fleeing ethnic or ethnoreligious persecution during the Spanish Inquisition,[96][97] and a few were also taken to the Americas as slaves.[93]


In 2014, The United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations.[98] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.[99] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[100] This new category would also include Jewish Americans.[101] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[102] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Sudanese, Djiboutian, Somali, Mauritanian, Armenian, Cypriot, Afghan, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups.[103] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 Census.[104]

















































Middle Eastern Americans in the 2000[105] - 2010 U.S. Census,[106] the Mandell L. Berman Institute, and the North American Jewish Data Bank[107]
Ancestry 2000 2000 (% of US population) 2010 2010 (% of US population)

Arab
1,160,729
 0.4125%
1,697,570
 0.5498%

Armenian
385,488
 0.1370%
474,559
 0.1537%

Iranian
338,266
 0.1202%
463,552
 0.1501%

Jewish
6,155,000
 2.1810%
6,543,820
 2.1157%

Total
8,568,772
3.036418%
9,981,332
3.227071%


Hispanic and Latino Americans


Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race) constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, comprising 16.3% of the population according to the 2010 United States Census.[b][108][109]


Hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race.[110][111][112][113]


People of Spanish or Hispanic descent have lived in what is now the United States since the founding of St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos (Texanos).



















































































Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin[114][115]
Rank
 National origin
 % of total population
 Pop.
1 Mexican 10.29% 31,798,258
2 Puerto Rican 1.49% 4,623,716
3 Cuban 0.57% 1,785,547
4 Salvadoran 0.53% 1,648,968
5 Dominican 0.45% 1,414,703
6 Guatemalan 0.33% 1,044,209
7 Colombian 0.3% 908,734
8 Spanish 0.2% 635,253
9 Honduran 0.2% 633,401
10 Ecuadorian 0.1% 564,631
All other 2.64% 8,162,193
Hispanic and Latino American (total) 16.34% 50,477,594

2010 United States Census


Black and African Americans


Main articles: African Americans and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans

Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in Sub-Saharan Africa.[116] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa.[117] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.[116]


African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[118] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population.[119] This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans,[117] making up 14% of the total U.S. population.[c][120] Black and African Americans make up the second largest group in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race).[108] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 Census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[120]


Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from West Africa, who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.[121] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[122] The first West African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.[123] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);[124] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.[125] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,[126][127] while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.[128] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery.[129] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[130] Following the end of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,[131] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,[132] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the Civil Rights Movement.[133]


According to US Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 US Census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%-9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%-4%).[134] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[135]

































































Black and African American population by ancestry group[89][117]
Rank
 Ancestry group
 Percentage
of total est. population
 Pop. estimates
1 Jamaican 0.31% 986,897
2 Haitian 0.28% 873,003
3 Nigerian 0.08% 259,934
4 Trinidadian and Tobagonian 0.06% 193,233
5 Ghanaian 0.03% 94,405
6 Barbadian 0.01% 59,236
Sub-Saharan African (total) 0.92% 2,864,067

West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups)
 0.85% 2,633,149
Black and African American (total) 13.6% 42,020,743

2010 United States Census & 2009–2011 American Community Survey


Asian Americans


Main articles: Asian Americans and Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 17.3 million in 2010, or 5.6% of the U.S. population.[d][136][137] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[138] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[138] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[139]


They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, Mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[140] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[141][142] For better or worse, the group has been called a model minority.[143][144][145]


While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[146][147][148] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[148] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[149] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[150][151]



























































Asian American ancestries[136]
Rank
 Ancestry
 Percentage
of total population
 Pop.
1 Chinese 1.2% 3,797,379
2 Filipino 1.1% 3,417,285
3 Indian 1.0% 3,183,063
4 Vietnamese 0.5% 1,737,665
5 Korean 0.5% 1,707,027
6 Japanese 0.4% 1,304,599
Other Asian 0.9% 2,799,448
Asian American (total) 5.6% 17,320,856

2010 United States Census


American Indians and Alaska Natives


Main article: Native Americans in the United States

See also: Blood quantum laws and Bureau of Indian Affairs

According to the 2010 Census, there are 5.2 million people who are Native Americans or Alaska Native alone, or in combination with one or more races; they make up 1.7% of the total population.[e][152] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[152] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[152] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[152] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[153] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[154]


Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000-45,000 years ago.[155] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.[156] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[157] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.[158] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;[159]genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists,[160][161] as well as between tribes;[162][163] displacement from their lands;[164] internal warfare,[165]enslavement;[166] and intermarriage.[167][168]



























































American Indian and Alaska Native population by selected tribal groups[152][169]
Rank
 National origin
 Percentage
of total population
 Pop.
1 Cherokee 0.26% 819,105
2 Navajo 0.1% 332,129
3 Choctaw 0.06% 195,764
4 Mexican American Indian 0.05% 175,494
5 Chippewa 0.05% 170,742
6 Sioux 0.05% 170,110
All other 1.08% 3,357,235
American Indian (total) 1.69% 5,220,579

2010 United States Census


Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders


Main article: Pacific Islands Americans

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".[170] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[171] As of the 2010 United States Census there are 1.2 million who reside in the United States, and make up 0.4% of the nation's total population, of whom 56% are multiracial.[f][172] 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree,[172] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.[172] As compared to the 2000 United States Census this population grew by 40%;[170] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000.[170] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,[172] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.[170]















































Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[170]
Rank
 Ancestry
 Percentage
 Pop.
1 Hawaiian 0.17% 527,077
2 Samoan 0.05% 184,440
3 Chamorro 0.04% 147,798
4 Tongan 0.01% 57,183
Other Pacific Islanders 0.09% 308,697
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total) 0.39% 1,225,195

2010 United States Census


Two or more races


Main article: Multiracial Americans

The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.[citation needed]Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[137] by the 2010 census the Multiracial increased to 9,009,073, or 2.9% of the total population.[173] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[174] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[173]Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, is biracial with his mother being of English and Irish descent and his father being of Kenyan birth;[175][176] however, Obama only self-identifies as being African American.[177][178]



























































Population by selected Two or More Races Population[179]
Rank
 Specific Combinations
 Percentage
of total population
 Pop.
1 White; Black 0.59% 1,834,212
2 White; Some Other Race 0.56% 1,740,924
3 White; Asian 0.52% 1,623,234
4 White; Native American 0.46% 1,432,309
5 African American; Some Other Race 0.1% 314,571
6 African American; Native American 0.08% 269,421
All other specific combinations 0.58% 1,794,402
Multiracial American (total) 2.9% 9,009,073

2010 United States Census


Some other race


See also: Multiracial Americans

According to the 2010 United States Census, 6.2% or 19,107,368 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 36.7% or 18,503,103 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the U.S. Census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[180]
A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community. Mestizo is not a racial category in the U.S. Census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.



National personification


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"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson. The female personification, primarily popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, is "Columbia".


A national personification is an anthropomorphism of a nation or its people; it can appear in both editorial cartoons and propaganda.


Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.


Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.




Language


Main articles: Languages of the United States, English language, American English, and English-only





























































Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in 2010[181]
Language Percent of
population		 Number of
speakers
English 80.38% 233,780,338
Combined total of all languages
other than English		 19.62%
57,048,617

Spanish
(excluding Puerto Rico and Spanish Creole)		 12.19% 35,437,985

Chinese
(including Cantonese and Mandarin)		 0.9% 2,567,779
Tagalog 0.53% 1,542,118
Vietnamese 0.44% 1,292,448
French 0.44% 1,288,833
Korean 0.38% 1,108,408
German 0.38% 1,107,869

Hindustani
(includes Hindi and Urdu)		 0.32% 942,794

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[182][183] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[184] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[185]


While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[186] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[187] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.




Religion


Main article: Religion in the United States
























































































































Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)[188]
Affiliation
 % of U.S. population

Christian
70.6
70.6
 

Protestant
46.5
46.5
 

Evangelical Protestant
25.4
25.4
 

Mainline Protestant
14.7
14.7
 

Black church
6.5
6.5
 

Catholic
20.8
20.8
 

Mormon
1.6
1.6
 

Jehovah's Witnesses
0.8
0.8
 

Eastern Orthodox
0.5
0.5
 
Other Christian
0.4
0.4
 
Non-Christian faiths
5.9
5.9
 

Jewish
1.9
1.9
 

Muslim
0.9
0.9
 

Buddhist
0.7
0.7
 

Hindu
0.7
0.7
 
Other Non-Christian faiths
1.8
1.8
 

Unaffiliated
22.8
22.8
 
Nothing in particular
15.8
15.8
 

Agnostic
4.0
4
 

Atheist
3.1
3.1
 
Don't know/refused answer
0.6
0.6
 
Total
100
100
 

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries, as well as a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.[189] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[190]


The majority of Americans (76%) are Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations; these adherents constitute 51% and 25% of the population, respectively.[191] Other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, which collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.[191][192][193] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.[191] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.[191][194]


Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[195] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[196]






  • The First Baptist Church in America in Providence, Rhode Island.







  • The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. is the largest Catholic church in the United States.







  • Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral in Chicago's Ukrainian Village







  • Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois







  • Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island is America's oldest surviving synagogue.







  • The Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan is the largest mosque in North America.







  • Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.







  • Hindu Temple in Malibu, California.







  • The Bahá'í House of Worship, Wilmette, Illinois.







  • The Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP)






Culture


Main article: Culture of the United States




Apple pie and baseball are icons of American culture.


The American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Asian, Polynesian, and Latino cultures.


The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine and folklore.[60]


Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.[197] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,[198]France,[199] and Italy.[200]


Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[201] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reactionary piece to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.[201] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[202] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[203]


American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.



Diaspora


Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including Australia, Britain, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand and the Philippines. As of 2016[update], there were approximately 9 million U.S citizens living outside of the United States.[204]


A person born in Asia to one American and one Asian parent is called an Amerasian.




See also





  • American ethnicity

  • Americans and Canadians in Chile

  • American studies

  • Ancestry of the people of the United States

  • Deportation of Americans from the United States

  • Emigration from the United States

  • Hispanic and Latino Americans

  • Hyphenated American

  • Immigration to the United States

  • Making North America (2015 PBS film)

  • Names for United States citizens

  • Race and ethnicity in the United States

  • Stereotypes of Americans




Footnotes





  1. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 61.8% were naturalized.[73]


  2. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Latin America and the Caribbean (21,224 thousand), in 2010, 32.1% were naturalized.[73]


  3. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46.1% were naturalized.[73]


  4. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Asia (11,284 thousand), in 2010, 57.7% were naturalized.[73]


  5. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Northern America (807 thousand), in 2010, 44.3% were naturalized.[73]


  6. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Oceania (217 thousand), in 2010, 36.9% were naturalized.[73]




References





  1. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts – Apportionment Counts Delivered to President" (Press release). United States Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2012..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "U.S. and World Population Clock". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 22, 2015.


  3. ^ "People live in Mexico, INEGI, 2010".


  4. ^ Smith, Dr. Claire M. (August 2010). "These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout" (PDF). OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.


  5. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. June 10, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2013. Ethnic origins Americans Total responses 316,350


  6. ^ Barrie McKenna (June 27, 2012). "Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada". The Globe and Mail. Ottawa. Retrieved December 17, 2012. There are roughly a million Americans in Canada – many with little or no ties to the United States.


  7. ^ Evan S. Medeiros; Keith Crane; Eric Heginbotham; Norman D. Levin; Julia F. Lowell (November 7, 2008). Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to Chinaâ€TMs Rise. Rand Corporation. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8330-4708-3. An estimated 4 million Filipino-Americans, most of whom are U.S. citizens or dual citizens, live in the United States, and over 250,000 U.S. citizens live in the Philippines.

    "New U.S. ambassador to PH aims to 'strengthen' ties". CNN Philippines. Metro Manila. December 2, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2017. According to his figures, there are about 4 million Filipino-Americans residing in the U.S., and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines.

    Lozada, Aaron (December 2, 2016). "New U.S. envoy: Relationship with PH 'most important'". ABS-CBN News. Manila. Retrieved March 20, 2017. According to Kim, the special relations between the U.S. and the Philippines is evident in the "four million Filipino-Americans who are residing in the United States and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines."

    International Business Publications, USA (August 1, 2013). Philippines Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. Int'l Business Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4387-7078-9. An estimated 600,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year, while an estimated 300,000 reside in-country.

    Kapoor, Kanupriya; Dela Cruz, Enrico (17 October 2016). "Americans in Philippines jittery as Duterte rails against United States". Reuters. Olongapo. Retrieved 20 April 2018. About four million people of Philippine ancestry live in the United States, one of its largest minorities, and about 220,000 Americans, many of them military veterans, live in the Philippines. An additional 650,000 visit each year, according to U.S. State Department figures.

    "FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations". U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. United States Department of State. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Around 350,000 Americans reside in the Philippines, and approximately 600,000 U.S. citizens visit the country each year.


  8. ^ Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). "Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony". National Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2015. c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.


  9. ^ "BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". www.bib-demografie.de. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.


  10. ^ Daphna Berman (January 23, 2008). "Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line!". Haaretz. Retrieved December 11, 2012. According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories.


  11. ^ Michele Chabin (March 19, 2012). "In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship". USA Today. Jerusalem. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free.


  12. ^ "Population by Country of Birth and Nationality Report, August 2012" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. August 30, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.


  13. ^ Simon Rogers (May 26, 2011). "The UK's foreign-born population: see where people live and where they're from". The Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2013. County of birth and county of nationality. United States of America 197 143


  14. ^ "U.S. Citizen Services". Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea.

    "North Korea propganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking". Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. March 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops.


  15. ^ "Background Note: Costa Rica". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State. April 9, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually.


  16. ^ "Americans in France". Embassy of the United States, Paris. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Today, although no official figure is available it is estimated that over 100,000 American citizens reside in France, making France one of the top 10 destinations for American expatriates.


  17. ^ "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.


  18. ^ "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". Migration Policy Institute. 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Migrants from the United States in Brazil Number of migrants: 28,000


  19. ^ "Brazil (11/30/11)". Previous Editions of Brazil Background Note. United States Department of State. November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. The consular section of the embassy, the consulates, and the consular agents provide vital services to the estimated 70,000 U.S. citizens residing in Brazil.


  20. ^ "Colombia (03/28/13)". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2014. Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year.


  21. ^ "Hong Kong (10/11/11)". Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State. October 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2012. There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong.


  22. ^ Barry Bearak; Seth Mydans (June 8, 2002). "Many Americans, Unfazed, Go On Doing Business in India". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The number of Americans living in India is often estimated at 60,000.


  23. ^ "ibid, Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia". Retrieved October 19, 2014.


  24. ^ Gishkori, Zahid (July 30, 2015). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar". The Express Tribune. Retrieved August 3, 2017. As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country,” Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added.


  25. ^ "Table 10.1 Registered Foreigners by Nationality: 1950-2006" (PDF). Ministry of Justice, . Annual Report of Statistics on Legal Migrants. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2012.


  26. ^ Kelly Carter (May 17, 2005). "High cost of living crush Americans' dreams of Italian living". USA Today. Positano, Italy. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Nearly 50,000 Americans lived in Italy at the end of 2003, according to Italy's immigration office.


  27. ^ "UAE´s population – by nationality". BQ Magazine. April 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.


  28. ^ McKinley Jr.; James C. (January 17, 2010). "For 45,000 Americans in Haiti, the Quake Was 'a Nightmare That's Not Ending'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2015.


  29. ^ "SAUDI-U.S. TRADE". Commerce Office. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington D.C. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012. Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.


  30. ^ "Argentina (03/12/12)". Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State. March 12, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year.


  31. ^ "Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. January 1, 2010". Retrieved October 19, 2014.


  32. ^ "Bahamas, The (01/25/12)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012. The countries share ethnic and cultural ties, especially in education, and The Bahamas is home to approximately 30,000 American residents.


  33. ^ Bertrand, Eva (December 20, 2012). "US citizens moving to Russia". Voice of Russia. Russia. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017. There are about 6.32 million American citizens living abroad, of those about 30,000 chose Russia, according to the Association of Americans Resident Overseas.


  34. ^ Kate King (July 18, 2006). "U.S. family: Get us out of Lebanon". CNN. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012. About 350 of the estimated 25,000 American citizens in Lebanon had been flown to Cyprus from the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by nightfall Tuesday, Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, told reporters.


  35. ^ "Panama (03/09)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. March 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2012. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality.


  36. ^ "Foreign population by sex, country of nationality and age (up to 85 and above)". Instituto Natcional de Estadistica (in Spanish). 1 January 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2018. Both genders 22,082


  37. ^ S. Vedoya; V. Rivera (4 April 2018). "Gobierno cifra en más de un millón el número de inmigrantes que están en Chile". Latercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2018.


  38. ^ "El Salvador (01/10)". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014. More than 19,000 American citizens live and work full-time in El Salvador


  39. ^ "North Americans: Facts and figures". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.


  40. ^ "Honduras (11/23/09)". Previous Editions of Honduras Background Note. United States Department of State. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2012. U.S.-Honduran ties are further strengthened by numerous private sector contacts, with an average of between 80,000 and 110,000 U.S. citizens visiting Honduras annually and about 15,000 Americans residing there.


  41. ^ "06-08 外僑居留人數 Foreign Residents". National Immigration Agency, MOI. Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior. 2011. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2012.


  42. ^ "STATISTIK AUSTRIA - Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Retrieved October 19, 2014.


  43. ^ "Sttistics". czso.cz.


  44. ^ "Bermuda (12/09/11)". Previous Editions of Bermuda Background Note. United States Department of State. December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2012. An estimated 8,000 registered U.S. citizens live in Bermuda, many of them employed in the international business community.


  45. ^ Tatiana Morales (August 2, 2009). "Americans in Kuwait: When To Go?". CBS News. Retrieved December 17, 2012. There are about 8,000 Americans who live in Kuwait.


  46. ^ ab Luis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 12, 2012.


  47. ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1401 ("Nationals and citizens of United States at birth"); 8 U.S.C. § 1408 ("Nationals but not citizens of the United States at birth"); Ricketts v. Attorney General of the U.S., ___ F.3d ___, ___, No. 16-3182, p.5 note 3 (3d Cir. July 30, 2018) ("Citizenship and nationality are not synonymous."); Tuaua v. United States, 788 F.3d 300 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 782 F.3d 9, 15 (D.C. Cir. 2015) ("The sole such statutory provision that presently confers United States nationality upon non-citizens is 8 U.S.C. § 1408."); Matter of Navas-Acosta, 23 I&N Dec. 586 (BIA 2003) (same); see also, generally 8 U.S.C. § 1483 ("Restrictions on loss of nationality"); 8 U.S.C. §§ 1501–1503; 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(5) ("Treatment of nationality claims").


  48. ^ ab "U.S. nationals born in American Samoa sue for citizenship". Associated Press. NBC News. March 28, 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-01. See also Mendoza, Moises (October 11, 2014). "How a weird law gives one group American nationality but not citizenship". Public Radio International (PRI). Retrieved 2018-08-24.


  49. ^ Khalid v. Sessions, ___ F.3d ___, ___, No. 16‐3480, p.6 (2d Cir. Sept. 13, 2018) (court agrees with one lawful permanent resident that he is an American) (oral argument (audio)); Jaen v. Sessions, ___ F.3d ___, ___, ___, No. 17-1512, pp.6-7, 19 (2d Cir. Aug. 13, 2018) (same); Anderson v. Holder, 673 F.3d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 2012) (same); Dent v. Sessions, ___ F.3d ___, ___, No. 17-15662, p.10-11 (9th Cir. Aug. 17, 2018) ("An individual has third-party standing when [(1)] the party asserting the right has a close relationship with the person who possesses the right [and (2)] there is a hindrance to the possessor's ability to protect his own interests.") (quoting Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 582 U.S. ___, ___, 137 S.Ct. 1678, 1689 (2017)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Gonzalez-Alarcon v. Macias, 884 F.3d 1266 (10th Cir. 2018); Hammond v. Sessions, No. 16-3013, p.2-3 (2d Cir. Jan. 29, 2018) (summary order).


  50. ^ Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.


  51. ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1101(22) ("The term 'national of the United States' means (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.") (emphasis added).


  52. ^ "Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition". definitions.uslegal.com.


  53. ^ Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright (January 15, 2013). Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens

    Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

    Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. Oxford University Press. 13 (3): 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. Retrieved December 17, 2012. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.

    Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.

    Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.

    Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.

    David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.


  54. ^ (subscription required) "American". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved November 27, 2008.


  55. ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, p. 87. Retrieved November 28, 2008.


  56. ^ Lifshey, Adam (2015). Subversions of the American Century: Filipino Literature in Spanish and the Transpacific Transformation of the United States. University of Michigan Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-472-05293-6. the status of Filipinos in the Philippines as American nationals existed from 1900 to 1946

    Rick Baldoz (28 February 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898-1946. NYU Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7. Recalling earlier debates surrounding Filipinos' naturalization status in the United States, he pointed out that U.S. courts had definitively recognized that Filipinos were American "nationals" and not "aliens."

    "8 FAM 301.12 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.


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    ISBN 0-321-07058-5;


  58. ^ U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.


  59. ^ abc Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt.
    ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.


  60. ^ ab Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson.
    ISBN 0-205-41365-X.


  61. ^ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38.
    ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116.
    ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.


  62. ^ Jay Tolson (July 28, 2008). "A Growing Trend of Leaving America". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999.


  63. ^ "6.32 million Americans (excluding military) live in 160-plus countries". Association of Americans Resident Overseas. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The total is the highest released to date: close to 6.32 million.


  64. ^ "The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. Retrieved December 17, 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999--and never updated.


  65. ^ abcde Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 2, 2015.


  66. ^ "Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2015.


  67. ^ "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2015.


  68. ^ "Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 24, 2008.


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