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Sir George Arthur Gardiner, KBE (3 March 1935 – 16 November 2002) was a British Conservative Party politician and journalist. Two months before the 1997 general election, he defected to the Referendum Party, becoming the only MP it ever had. The party dissolved later that year.

Political scientists David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh described Gardiner as "a staunch right-wing Thatcherite".^[1]

Early life and career

Born at Bush Bungalow in Waltham Abbey, Essex, Gardiner was the son of Stanley Frederick Gardiner (13 August 1906 - 4 September 1958), a gasworks manager, and Ethel Emma, (31 March 1903 - August 1987) a bookkeeper. Gardiner's parents divorced when he was 10, at the end of World War II. An only child, though he would have two half-brothers from his father's second marriage, from this point, he was raised by his mother as a single parent who worked in a butcher's shop and lived in a cheaply rented home.^[2] Gardiner was educated at the Harvey Grammar School in Folkestone and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he read Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE) and gained a first-class honours degree in 1958.^[3] Before his period at Oxford University, Gardiner did his national service, and was a sergeant tester of entrants, posted to the Pioneer Corps.

Gardiner joined the Conservative Party in 1950 and at Oxford University, he organised a petition in support of Anthony Eden's Suez policy. In 1957 he became secretary of the University Conservative Association. During an election for the post of president of the association, Gardiner printed scores of forged ballot papers for a postal vote backing his own candidacy. His deception was discovered and he had to withdraw.^{[citation needed]}

He worked as a journalist and in advertising after he left university. Gardiner was political correspondent for the Western Daily Press from 1961 to 1964 and then was lobby correspondent for Thomson Regional newspapers. He was chief political correspondent for Thomson from 1964 to 1974. There he was mistrusted by some of his colleagues because of his close affiliation with the Conservatives. From 1978 to 1997, Gardiner had a column in the Sunday Express.

Gardiner stood unsuccessfully as Conservative candidate for Coventry South at the 1970 general election, where he distanced himself from the anti-immigration rhetoric of Enoch Powell, and built a close relationship with the local Sikh community.^[2]

Like Powell, in later life, Gardiner was well known for his vehemently Eurosceptic views, but earlier he supported Britain's entry into the EEC. He was a founder member of the Conservative Group for Europe and had argued in A Europe for the Regions (1971) that they would benefit from entry into the EEC.^[4]

Parliamentary career

On 22 January 1973, the local Conservative Party accepted Gardiner as their prospective candidate and he was elected as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Reigate, a safe seat, on 28 February 1974. He served as the Conservative MP for the constituency for the next 23 years.

Although a right-wing Conservative, Gardiner was a Heath loyalist after the 1972 economic U-turn to combat rising unemployment, producing the Barber boom by injecting more spending yet cutting taxes. After the party's loss of government at the February 1974 general election he remained loyal, but after another party defeat in the October 1974 election, he concluded that Heath must resign and sought a replacement within the Conservative Party.

Gardiner was always proudest of the role he played in the election of Margaret Thatcher as Conservative Party leader.^[4] Along with Thatcher, Norman Tebbit and Airey Neave, he formed what was dubbed by the Tribune newspaper 'The Gang of Four' in her leadership race. As a former lobby journalist, Gardiner acted as the press officer for the team and prepared "the traps into which the Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan regularly fell at Prime minister's questions".^[4]

In 1975, Gardiner wrote a biography about Thatcher, named From Childhood to Leadership. Despite his long, enthusiastic and loyal support, Thatcher never once offered Gardiner a ministerial or front bench position during her years as party leader or as Prime Minister.

From the 1979 general election, the first of four terms of Conservative government, Gardiner was vociferous in urging the government to go faster on trade union reform and rebuked the government on 25 February 1981 when it climbed down over pit closures after threats of industrial action from the National Union of Mineworkers. In March 1985, he urged the government to abolish wage councils, which took some time to implement, as in some industries, wage councils formed the backbone of trade union negotiations, and it occurred only in September 1993.

He shared an office for some time with Neil Hamilton.

Gardiner became a leading member of the Monday Club. In 1984, he was a member of the Club's National Executive Council and was also Chairman of the Privatisation Policy Committee, which produced, in September 1984, a policy paper entitled Killing the Dinosaur of State Ownership.

He was on the editorial board that prepared the Club's October 1985 Conservative Party Conference issue of their newspaper, Right Ahead and contributed an article: 'Why Margaret – Still?' in support of Margaret Thatcher. Gardiner continued writing for the Club, and in the October 1989 edition of Right Ahead, he contributed the leading front-page article entitled 'Murders that should lie on the conscience of MPs', calling for the return of capital punishment. Gardiner was also a strong supporter of the unpopular and short-lived Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge).

When in November 1990, Margaret Thatcher was on the verge of resignation, Gardiner led a last gasp deputation of loyal MPs to Number 10 to try to persuade her to fight on. She listened politely to their pleas, but her mind was already made up and she announced her departure the following day. Gardiner was rewarded with a knighthood in her resignation honours list. He voted for her chosen successor, John Major, in the leadership contest to replace her, and was delighted when Major defeated Michael Heseltine and Douglas Hurd to become Prime Minister and Conservative party leader. However, he later became disillusioned with Major for his apparent lack of Thatcherite beliefs and plotted against him. He was vice-president of the conservative Selsdon Group, named after the key swing voters that the party said it needed to win elections, the Selsdon resident. In 1986, he was elected to the 1922 Committee executive. In January 1991, following the demise of his friend, David Storey, the Club's ousted chairman, Gardiner left the Monday Club. That year, he was knighted.

Attempting to preserve the party's Thatcherite philosophy undiluted, Gardiner was instrumental in setting up the Conservative Way Forward group, with the express aim of providing a focal point for supporting those seen as ideologically sympathetic to Thatcherism in the government: including Michael Portillo and John Redwood. Some credit the organisation with success in ensuring a shift to the right in the new prospective parliamentary candidates being selected within the party after 1992.

In February 1994, Gardiner was given short shrift by Major after it was disclosed by the press that a delegation of MPs he led intended to tell Major that he must promote key right-wing ministers as a condition of their continued support. In July 1994, Gardiner left the Church of England and became a Roman Catholic in protest against the Anglican church's ordination of women priests.^{[citation needed]}

In the July 1995 leadership election contest, Gardiner reluctantly voted for Redwood as party leader; in fact, he would have preferred Portillo. After Redwood was defeated, Gardiner told Major to bring him back to the cabinet, which Major refused to do.

Gardiner resigned from the Conservative Party after being deselected by his local party association. He had survived a deselection attempt on 28 June 1996, but an article six months later in the Sunday Express, where he compared Major to a ventriloquist's dummy for the government's pro-European Chancellor Kenneth Clarke proved to be the last straw for his constituency party, and Gardiner was deselected as Conservative candidate for the next general election, by 291 votes to 226 votes, on 30 January 1997.

After unsuccessfully challenging the decision in the courts, on 8 March 1997, Gardiner joined the Referendum Party and was its candidate in the 1997 general election. He was, for two weeks, the only person ever to have sat as a Referendum Party MP.

On 1 May 1997, Gardiner stood in Reigate as a Referendum Party candidate. He was defeated, obtaining 7% of the vote. He came fourth out of six candidates. This was the end of Gardiner's political career.

Later life

After William Hague became Conservative party leader in June 1997, Gardiner rejoined the Conservatives. Two years later, in 1999, he published his autobiography covering mainly his years in politics, named A Bastard's Tale, a reference to Major's remark six years earlier to Michael Brunson, but it touched upon his life before becoming an MP.

Gardiner revealed that he cried himself to sleep on the night of Thatcher's resignation and described John Major as 'a walking disaster' and a 'Walter Mitty' with no beliefs. In his autobiography later that year, Major claimed that Gardiner was 'so convoluted he could have featured in a book of knots'. Of Gardiner's deselection in 1997, Major wrote that "the Conservative Party was able to bear his departure with fortitude".

Personal life

In July 1982, Gardiner underwent a heart by-pass operation. Gardiner died on 16 November 2002 of polycystic kidney disease and chronic renal failure and was buried nine days later, in Brompton Cemetery, London.^[5]

Funerary monument, Brompton Cemetery, London

Gardiner married twice. His first marriage was in Bristol in 1961 to Juliet D Wells with whom he had two sons and a daughter.^[2] This marriage broke up just before the 1979 general election. His second marriage was in London in September 1980 to Helen Hackett. There were no children from his second marriage.

References

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by George Gardiner