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Ulster Unionist Party
Abbreviation	UUP
Leader	Robin Swann
President	May Steele
Chairman	The Lord Empey
Founded	3 March 1905
Preceded by	Irish Unionist Alliance
Headquarters	Strandtown Hall 2-4 Belmont Road Belfast Northern Ireland
Youth wing	Young Unionists
Ideology	British unionism[1] Conservatism[1][2] Soft Euroscepticism
Political position	Centre-right[3]
European affiliation	Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
International affiliation	None
European Parliament group	European Conservatives and Reformists
Colours	Blue
House of Commons (NI Seats)	0 / 18
House of Lords	2 / 792
EU Parliament (NI seats)	1 / 3
NI Assembly	10 / 90
Local government in Northern Ireland[4]	84 / 462
Website
www.uup.org
Politics of Northern Ireland Political parties Elections

The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) is a unionist political party in Northern Ireland.^[5] Having gathered support in Northern Ireland during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the party governed Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. It was supported by most unionist voters throughout the conflict known as the Troubles, during which time it was often referred to as the Official Unionist Party (OUP).^[6][7] Between 1905 and 1972 its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster.

It is currently the fourth-largest party in Northern Ireland, having been overtaken in 2003 by the DUP and Sinn Féin, and in 2017 by the SDLP. At the 2015 general election, the party won two seats in the House of Commons, Fermanagh and South Tyrone and South Antrim. At the 2017 snap election, the party lost these two seats, and made no gains.

In 2016, the UUP, the SDLP and the Alliance Party decided not to accept the seats on the Northern Ireland Executive to which they would have been entitled and to form an official opposition to the executive. This marked the first time since 1921 that a devolved government in Northern Ireland did not include the UUP. The party was led by Mike Nesbitt, but on 3 March 2017 he announced his resignation following the party's poor performance at that year's assembly election.^[8]

History

1880s to 1921

The Ulster Unionist Party traces its formal existence back to the foundation of the Ulster Unionist Council in 1905. Before that, however, there had been a less formally organised Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) since the late 19th century, usually dominated by unionists from Ulster. Modern organised unionism properly emerged after William Ewart Gladstone's introduction in 1886 of the first of three Home Rule Bills in response to demands by the Irish Parliamentary Party. The IUA was an alliance of Irish Conservatives and Liberal Unionists, the latter having split from the Liberal Party over the issue of home rule. It was the merger of these two parties in 1912 that gave rise to the current name of the Conservative and Unionist Party, to which the UUP was formally linked (to varying degrees) until 1985.

From the beginning, the party had a strong association with the Orange Order, a Protestant fraternal organisation. The original composition of the Ulster Unionist Council was 25% Orange delegates,^[9] however this was reduced through the years. Although most unionist support was based in the geographic area that became Northern Ireland, there were at one time unionist enclaves throughout southern Ireland. Unionists in County Cork and Dublin were particularly influential. The initial leadership of the Ulster Unionist Party all came from outside what would later become Northern Ireland; men such as Colonel Saunderson, Viscount (later the Earl of) Midleton and the Dubliner Edward Carson, all members of the Irish Unionist Alliance. However, after the Irish Convention failed to reach an understanding on home rule and with the partition of Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, Irish unionism in effect split. Many southern unionist politicians quickly became reconciled with the new Irish Free State, sitting in its Seanad or joining its political parties. The existence of a separate Ulster Unionist Party became entrenched as the party took control of the new government of Northern Ireland.

Carson inspecting the UVF, F.E.Smith walking behind him, pre-1914

The leadership of the UUP was taken by Sir Edward Carson in 1910. Throughout his 11-year leadership he fought a sustained campaign against Irish Home Rule, including being involved in the formation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF) in 1912. In the 1918 general election, Carson switched constituencies from his former seat of Dublin University to Belfast Duncairn. Carson strongly opposed the partition of Ireland and the end of unionism as an all-Ireland political force, so he refused the opportunity to be Prime Minister of Northern Ireland or even to sit in the Northern Ireland House of Commons, citing a lack of connection with the place. The leadership of the UUP and, subsequently, Northern Ireland, was taken by Sir James Craig.

The Stormont era: Part of the Conservative Party

1920–1963

Until almost the very end of its period of power in Northern Ireland, the UUP was led by a combination of landed gentry (Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, Hugh MacDowell Pollock and James Chichester-Clark), aristocracy (Terence O'Neill) and gentrified industrial magnates (James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon and John Miller Andrews – nephew of William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie). Only its last Prime Minister, Brian Faulkner, was from a middle-class background. During this era, all but 11 of the 149 UUP Stormont MPs were members of the Orange Order, as were all Prime Ministers.^[10]

James Craig governed Northern Ireland from its inception until his death in 1940 and is buried with his wife by the east wing of Parliament Buildings. His successor, J. M. Andrews, was heavily criticised for appointing octogenarian veterans of Craigavon's administration to his cabinet. His government was also believed to be more interested in protecting the statue of Carson at the Stormont Estate than the citizens of Belfast during the Belfast blitz. A backbench revolt in 1943 resulted in his resignation and replacement by Sir Basil Brooke (later Viscount Brookeborough), although he was recognised as leader of the party until 1946.

Brookeborough, despite having felt that Craigavon had held on to power for too long, was Prime Minister for one year longer. During this time he was on more than one occasion called to meetings of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland to explain his actions, most notably following the 1947 Education Act which made the government responsible for the payment of National Insurance contributions of teachers in Catholic Church-controlled schools. Ian Paisley called for Brookeborough's resignation in 1953 when he refused to sack Brian Maginess and Clarence Graham, who had given speeches supporting re-admitting Catholics to the UUP.^[11] He retired in 1963 and was replaced by Terence O'Neill, who emerged ahead of other candidates, Jack Andrews and Faulkner.

1963–72

In the 1960s, identifying with the civil rights movement of Martin Luther King and encouraged by attempts at reform under O'Neill, various organisations campaigned for civil rights, calling for changes to the system for allocating public housing and the voting system for the local government franchise, which was restricted to (disproportionately Protestant) rate payers.^{[12][13][14][15]} O'Neill had pushed through some reforms but in the process the Ulster Unionists became strongly divided. At the 1969 Stormont General Election UUP candidates stood on both pro- and anti-O'Neill platforms. Several independent pro-O'Neill unionists challenging his critics, while the Protestant Unionist Party of Ian Paisley mounted a hard-line challenge. The result proved inconclusive for O'Neill, who resigned a short time later. His resignation was probably caused by a speech of James Chichester-Clark who stated that he disagreed with the timing, but not the principle, of universal suffrage at local elections.

Chichester-Clark won the leadership election to replace O'Neill and swiftly moved to implement many of O'Neill's reforms. Civil disorder continued to mount, culminating in August 1969 when Catholic Bogside residents clashed with the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Derry because of an Apprentice Boys of Derry march, sparking days of riots. Early in 1971, Chichester-Clark flew to London to request further military aid following the 1971 Scottish soldiers' killings.^{[citation needed]} When this was all but refused, he resigned to be replaced by Brian Faulkner.

Faulkner's government struggled though 1971 and into 1972. After Bloody Sunday, the British Government threatened to remove control of the security forces from the devolved government. Faulkner reacted by resigning with his entire cabinet, and the British Government suspended, and eventually abolished, the Northern Ireland Parliament, replacing it with Direct Rule.

The liberal unionist group, the New Ulster Movement, which had advocated the policies of Terence O'Neill, left and formed the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland in April 1970, while the emergence of Ian Paisley's Protestant Unionist Party continued to draw off some working-class and more Ulster loyalist support.

1972–1995

Ulster Unionist Party, 1974. Troubled Images Exhibition, Linen Hall Library, Belfast, August 2010

In June 1973 the UUP won a majority of seats in the new Northern Ireland Assembly, but the party was divided on policy. The Sunningdale Agreement, which led to the formation of a power-sharing Executive under Ulster Unionist leader Brian Faulkner, ruptured the party. In the 1973 elections to the Executive the party found itself divided, a division that did not formally end until January 1974 with the triumph of the anti-Sunningdale faction. Faulkner was then overthrown, and he set up the Unionist Party of Northern Ireland (UPNI). The Ulster Unionists were then led by Harry West from 1974 until 1979. In the February 1974 general election, the party participated in the United Ulster Unionist Coalition (UUUC) with Vanguard and the Democratic Unionist Party, successor to the Protestant Unionist Party. The result was that the UUUC won 11 out of 12 parliamentary seats in Northern Ireland on a fiercely anti-Sunningdale platform, although they barely won 50% of the overall popular vote. This result was a fatal blow for the Executive, which soon collapsed.

Up until 1972 the UUP sat with the Conservative Party at Westminster, traditionally taking the Conservative parliamentary whip. To all intents and purposes the party functioned as the Northern Ireland branch of the Conservative Party. In 1972, in protest over the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the Westminster Ulster Unionist MPs withdrew from the alliance.^[16][17] The party remained affiliated to the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, but in 1985, withdrew from it as well, in protest over the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Subsequently, the Conservative Party has organised separately in Northern Ireland, with little electoral success.

Under West's leadership, the party recruited Enoch Powell, who became Ulster Unionist MP for South Down in October 1974 after defecting from the Conservatives. Powell advocated a policy of 'integration', whereby Northern Ireland would be administered as an integral part of the United Kingdom. This policy divided both the Ulster Unionists and the wider unionist movement, as Powell's ideas conflicted with those supporting a restoration of devolved government to Northern Ireland. The party also made gains upon the break-up of the Vanguard Party and its merger back into the Ulster Unionists. The separate United Ulster Unionist Party (UUUP) emerged from the remains of Vanguard but folded in the early 1980s, as did the UPNI. In both cases the main beneficiaries of this were the Ulster Unionists, now under the leadership of James Molyneaux (1979–95).

Trimble leadership

David Trimble led the party between 1995 and 2005. His support for the Belfast Agreement caused a rupture within the party into pro-agreement and anti-agreement factions. Trimble served as First Minister of Northern Ireland in the power-sharing administration created under the Belfast Agreement.

Unusually for a unionist party, the UUP had a Roman Catholic Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) (the Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly), Sir John Gorman until the 2003 election. In March 2005, the Orange Order voted to end its official links with the UUP, while still maintaining the same unofficial links as other interest groups. Trimble faced down Orange Order critics who tried to suspend him for his attendance at a Catholic funeral for a young boy killed by the Real IRA in the Omagh bombing. In a sign of unity, Trimble and President of Ireland Mary McAleese walked into the church together.

Wikinews has related news: UUP leader loses seat in 2005 UK General Election

In the 2001 general election, the Ulster Unionists lost a number of seats belonging to UUP stalwarts; for example, John Taylor, the former deputy leader of the party, lost his seat of Strangford to Iris Robinson.

The party's misfortunes continued at the 2005 election. The party held six seats at Westminster immediately before the 2005 general election, down from seven after the previous general election following the defection of Jeffrey Donaldson in 2004. The election resulted in the loss of five of their six seats. The only seat won by an Ulster Unionist was North Down, by Sylvia Hermon, who had won the seat in the 2001 general election from Robert McCartney of United Kingdom Unionist Party. Only the Labour Party lost more seats in 2005. David Trimble himself lost his seat in Upper Bann and resigned as party leader soon after. The ensuing leadership election was won by Reg Empey.

Empey leadership

In May 2006 UUP leader Reg Empey attempted to create a new assembly group that would have included Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) leader David Ervine. The PUP is the political wing of the illegal Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).^{[18][19][20][21][22]} Many in the UUP, including the last remaining MP, Sylvia Hermon, were opposed to the move.^[23][24] The link was in the form of a new group called the 'Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group' whose membership was the 24 UUP MLAs and Ervine. Empey justified the link by stating that under the d'Hondt method for allocating ministers in the Assembly, the new group would take a seat in the Executive from Sinn Féin.

Following a request for a ruling from the DUP's Peter Robinson, the Speaker ruled that the UUPAG was not a political party within the meaning of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.^[25]

The party did poorly in the 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election. The party retained 18 of its seats within the assembly.^[26] Empey was the only leader of one of the four main parties not to be re-elected on first preference votes alone in the Assembly elections of March 2007.

In July 2008, the UUP and Conservative Party announced that a joint working group had been established to examine closer ties. On 26 February 2009, the Ulster Unionist Executive and area council of Northern Ireland Conservatives agreed to field joint candidates in future elections to the House of Commons and European Parliament under the name "Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force". The agreement meant that Ulster Unionist MPs could have sat in a Conservative Government, renewing the relationship that had broken down in 1974 over the Sunningdale Agreement and in 1985 over the Anglo-Irish Agreement.^[27][28][29] The UUP's sole remaining MP at the time, Sylvia Hermon, opposed the agreement, stating she would not be willing to stand under the UCUNF banner.^[30]

In February 2010, Hermon confirmed that she would not be seeking a nomination as a Conservative/UUP candidate for the forthcoming general election.^[31] On 25 March 2010, she formally resigned from the party and announced that she would be standing as an independent candidate at the general election.^[32] As a result, the UUP were left without representation in the House of Commons for the first time since the party's creation.

At the 2010 General Election, UCUNF won no seats in Northern Ireland (while Hermon won hers as an independent). The Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force label was not used again. Following the election, Sir Reg Empey resigned as leader. He was replaced by Tom Elliott as party leader in the subsequent leadership election. During the leadership election, it emerged that a quarter of the UUP membership came from Fermanagh and South Tyrone, an area with about 6% of Northern Ireland's population, the constituency of Tom Elliott.^[33] The Dublin-based political magazine, the Phoenix, described Elliott as a "blast from the past" and said that his election signified "a significant shift to the right" by the UUP.^[34] Shortly after his election, three 2010 general election candidates resigned: Harry Hamilton, Paula Bradshaw and Trevor Ringland.^[35] Bradshaw and Hamilton subsequently joined the Alliance Party.^[36]

Since 2011

The party further declined in the 2011 Assembly elections (standing again as the UUP). It lost two seats and won fewer votes than the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) (although it won more seats than the SDLP) and two of its candidates, Bill Manwaring and Lesley Macaulay, subsequently joined the Conservative Party. In addition, east of the Bann, it lost seats to the Alliance Party. It was also overtaken by Alliance on Belfast City Council.^[37] In November 2011, the Conservative Party chairman, Lord Feldman, wrote to Elliott to propose a formal and permanent merger of the two parties. The proposal, which had the backing of David Cameron, would have seen the UUP form the backbone of a new party called the Northern Ireland Conservative and Unionist Party (NICUP). Elliott rejected the merger and called the proposed dissolution of the UUP "unacceptable".^[38]

Tom Elliott was criticised for comments he made in his victory speech where he described elements of Sinn Féin as "scum".^[39] Elliott resigned in March 2012 saying some people had not given him a 'fair opportunity' to develop and progress many party initiatives.^[40]Mike Nesbitt was elected leader on 31 March 2012, beating the only other candidate, John McCallister, by 536 votes to 129.^[41]

The Conservatives and the UUP went their separate ways again,^[42] with the Northern Ireland Conservatives relaunching as a separate party on 14 June 2012.^[43]

Although their MEP seat, held by Jim Nicholson, had its vote percentage decreased slightly in the 2014 European election, the party managed to make gains in the local elections of that same day. They increased their share by 0.9%, making it the only party to increase its vote share, and gaining 15 seats as a result.

At the 2015 general election, the UUP returned to Westminster, gaining the South Antrim seat from the DUP and Fermanagh & South Tyrone (where they had an electoral pact with the DUP not standing) from Sinn Féin.^[44]

At the 2017 general election the UUP lost both of its Commons seats, losing South Antrim to the DUP and Fermanagh & South Tyrone to Sinn Féin.^[45] The party, which saw a significant decrease in its vote share, failed to take any other seats. As such the UUP currently has no representation in the House of Commons.

Leaders

Image	Name	Tenure		Notes
	Colonel Edward Saunderson	1905	1906	Also leader of the Irish Unionist Parliamentary Party
	Walter Hume Long	1906	1910	Also leader of the Irish Unionist Parliamentary Party
	Sir Edward Carson	1910	1921	Also leader of the Irish Unionist Parliamentary Party
	The Viscount Craigavon	1921	1940	1st Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
	John Miller Andrews	1940	1943	2nd Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
	The Viscount Brookeborough	1943	1963	3rd Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
	Captain Terence O'Neill	1963	1969	4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
	James Chichester-Clark	1969	1971	5th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
	Brian Faulkner	1971	1974	6th and final Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
	Harry West	1974	1979
	James Molyneaux	1979	1995
	David Trimble	1995	2005	First Minister of Northern Ireland
	Sir Reg Empey	2005	2010
	Tom Elliott	2010	2012
	Mike Nesbitt	2012	2017
	Robin Swann	2017

Structure

The UUP is still organised around the Ulster Unionist Council, which was from 1905 until 2004 the only legal representation of the party. Following the adoption of a new Constitution in 2004, the UUP has been an entity in its own right, however the UUC still exists as the supreme decision making body of the Party.^{[citation needed]} In autumn 2007 the delegates system was done away with, and today all UUP members are members of the Ulster Unionist Council, with entitlements to vote for the Leader, party officers and on major policy decisions.^{[citation needed]}

Each constituency in Northern Ireland forms the boundary of a UUP constituency association, which is made up of branches formed along local boundaries (usually district electoral areas). There are also four 'representative bodies', the Ulster Women's Unionist Council, the Ulster Young Unionist Council, the Westminster Unionist Association (the party's Great Britain branch) and the Ulster Unionist Councillors Association. Each constituency association and representative body elects a number of delegates to the Executive Committee, which governs many areas of party administration such as membership and candidate selection.^{[citation needed]}

The UUP maintained a formal connection with the Orange Order from its foundation until 2005, and with the Apprentice Boys of Derry until 1975.^{[citation needed]} While the party was considering structural reforms, including the connection with the Order, it was the Order itself that severed the connection in 2004. The connection with the Apprentice Boys was cut in a 1975 review of the party's structure as they had not taken up their delegates for several years beforehand.^{[citation needed]}

Youth wing

The UUP's youth wing is the Young Unionists, first formed in 2004 as a rebrand of the Ulster Young Unionist Council, which formed in 1946. Many of its members have stayed with the party, such as the present leader of the UUP. Others have left to start other Unionist parties. Having disbanded twice, in 1974 and 2004, the Council was re-constituted by young activists in March 2004. This resulted in the Young Unionists (YU) becoming a representative body of the UUP and subject to its revamp of their Constitution.

Representatives

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Members of the House of Commons as of June 2017:
The UUP lost its two seats in the 2017 election. South Antrim went to the DUP while Fermanagh and South Tyrone went to Sinn Féin

Members of the House of Lords as of June 2017:

• Lord Empey of Shandon


• Lord Rogan of Lower Iveagh

Northern Ireland Assembly

Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly as elected in March 2017:

• 
  Andy Allen - Belfast East
  


• 
  Roy Beggs, Jr. - East Antrim
  


• 
  Steve Aiken OBE - South Antrim
  


• 
  Alan Chambers MBE - North Down
  


• 
  Doug Beattie MC - Upper Bann
  


• 
  Mike Nesbitt - Strangford
  


• 
  John Stewart - East Antrim
  


• 
  Rosemary Barton - Fermanagh and South Tyrone
  


• 
  Robin Swann - North Antrim
  


• 
  Robbie Butler - Lagan Valley
  

European Parliament

Members elected in 2014:

• 
  Jim Nicholson - MEP for Northern Ireland

Party leadership

Party spokesmen

The current Party spokesman are:^[46]

Party officers

The current party officers are:

Electoral performance

Westminster

Map showing seat results in Northern Ireland Westminster elections 1997–2017

Election	House of Commons	Share of votes	Seats	+/-	Outcome
1922	32nd		10 / 13	10	Government (with Cons.)
1923	33rd		10 / 13		Opposition
1924	34th		10 / 13		Government (with Cons.)
1929	35th		9 / 13	1	Opposition
1931	36th		11 / 13	2	National Government
1935	37th		9 / 13	2	National Government
1945	38th	61.0%	9 / 13		Opposition
1950	39th	62.8%	10 / 12	1	Opposition
1951	40th	59.4%	9 / 12	1	Government (with Cons.)
1955	41st	68.5%	10 / 12	1	Government (with Cons.)
1959	42nd	77.2%	12 / 12	2	Government (with Cons.)
1964	43rd	63.2%	12 / 12		Opposition
1966	44th	61.8%	9 / 12	3	Opposition
1970	45th	54.3%	8 / 12		Government (with Cons.) until end of 1973, when whip and alliance with Cons. withdrawn
1974 (Feb)	46th	32.3%	7 / 12	1	Opposition
1974 (Oct)	47th	36.5%	6 / 12	1	Opposition
1979	48th	36.6%	5 / 12	1	Opposition
1983	49th	34.0%	11 / 17	6	Opposition
1987	50th	37.8%	9 / 17	2	Opposition
1992	51st	34.5%	9 / 17		Opposition
1997	52nd	32.7%	10 / 18	1	Opposition
2001	53rd	26.7%	6 / 18	2	Opposition
2005	54th	17.7%	1 / 18	5	Opposition
2010	55th	15.2%	0 / 18	1	N/A
2015	56th	16.0%	2 / 18	2	Opposition
2017	57th	10.3%	0 / 18	2	N/A

Stormont

Local government

European Parliament

See also

• Ulster Unionist Party politicians


• List of Ulster Unionist Party Peers


• List of Ulster Unionist Party MPs


• Ulster Unionist Chief Whip


• Ulster Unionist Party Presidents and General Secretaries

References

External links

• 
  Official website