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Rock used by the PEF to mark the level of the Dead Sea in the beginning of the 20th century

The Palestine Exploration Fund is a British society based in London. It was founded in 1865 and is the oldest known organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant region, also known as Palestine.^[1] Often simply known as the PEF, its initial object was to carry out surveys of the topography and ethnography of Ottoman Palestine with a remit that fell somewhere between an expeditionary survey and military intelligence gathering.^[2] Consequently, it had a complex relationship with Corps of Royal Engineers,^[3] and its members sent back reports on the need to salvage and modernise the region.^[4]

History

The beginnings of the Palestine Exploration Fund are rooted in a literary society founded by British Consul James Finn and his wife Elizabeth Anne Finn.^[5] Many photographs of Palestine have survived from this period.

On 22 June 1865, a group of Biblical archaeologists and clergymen financed the fund, with initial funding of £300.^[3] The most notable of the founders were Arthur P. Stanley, the Dean of Westminster, and George Grove, who later founded the Royal College of Music and was responsible for Grove's Dictionary of Music. Its founders established the fund "for the purpose of investigating the Archaeology, Geography, manners, customs and culture, Geology and Natural History of the Holy Land."^[6]

Frederick J. Bliss wrote of the foundation that "[a]s far as its aims were concerned this organization was but a re-institution of a Society formed about the year 1804 under the name of the Palestine Association... it is interesting to note that the General Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund recognized an organic connection with the earlier Society."^[7]

The preliminary meeting of the Society of the Palestine Exploration Fund took place in the Jerusalem Chamber of Westminster Abbey. William Thomson, the Archbishop of York, read out the original prospectus at the first organisational meeting;

[O]ur object is strictly an inductive inquiry. We are not to be a religious society; we are not about to launch controversy; we are about to apply the rules of science, which are so well understood by us in our branches, to an investigation into the facts concerning the Holy Land. "No country should be of so much interest to us as that in which the documents of our Faith were written, and the momentous events they describe enacted. At the same time no country more urgently requires illustration ... Even to a casual traveller in the Holy Land the Bible becomes, in its form, and therefore to some extent in its substance, a new book. Much would be gained by ...bringing to light the remains of so many races and generations which must lie concealed under the accumulation of rubbish and ruins on which those villages stand ...^[2][6]

The PEF conducted many early excavations of biblical and post-biblical sites around the Levant, as well as studies involving natural history, anthropology, history and geography.

In 1867, Charles Warren led PEF's biggest expedition. Warren and his team improved the topography of Jerusalem and discovered the ancient water systems that lay beneath the city of Jerusalem. The water system was later named Warren's Shaft, after Charles Warren, due to the discovery.^[8] They also made the first excavations of Tell es-Sultan, site of biblical city of Jericho.^[9]

In 1875, the Earl of Shaftesbury, a prominent social reformer, told the Annual General Meeting of the PEF that "We have there a land teeming with fertility and rich in history, but almost without an inhabitant – a country without a people, and look! scattered over the world, a people without a country". It was one of the earliest usages by a prominent politician of the phrase A land without a people for a people without a land, which was to become widely used by advocates of Jewish settlement in Palestine.^[10]

In 1878, the Treasurer's statement listed over 130 local associations in the United Kingdom (including Ireland). There were also branches in Canada and Australia as well as Gaza City and Jerusalem. Expenditure in 1877 amounted to £2,959 14s 11d.^[11]

Among other noteworthy individuals associated with the fund were:

• Claude R. Conder


• Charles Warren


• Horatio Kitchener


• Edward Henry Palmer


• T. E. Lawrence


• Kathleen Kenyon


• Conrad Schick


• Charles Wilson

Early projects

The first 21 years of the fund are summarised in PEF (1886). Its chapters and personages mentioned include the following:

• The Foundation of the Society
  
  
  
  • Claude Conder
  
  
  • Charles Warren
  
  
  • Horatio Kitchener
  
  
  • Edward Henry Palmer
  
  
  • Kathleen Kenyon
  
  
  • Conrad Schick
  
  
  • William Thomson (Archbishop of York)
  
  
  • Charles Wilson
  
  
  
  

In his opening address (p.8), Archbishop Thomson laid down three basic principles for the Society:

• That whatever was undertaken should be carried out on scientific principles


• That the Society should, as a body, abstain from controversy


• That it should not be started, nor should it be conducted, as a religious society.

Regarding the latter, great emphasis was placed upon the nomenclature "Holy Land", so the notion of religion could never have been far away. Also (p.10) stress was laid upon the fact that "The Society numbers among its supporters Christians and Jews". (Muslims were not mentioned.)

• The Chronicle of the Society


• The First Expedition


• The Excavations at Jerusalem


• The Desert of the Exodus


• The Survey of Western Palestine


• The Archaeological Expeditions


• The Survey of Eastern Palestine


• The Geological Survey


• Smaller Expeditions


• The Monuments of the Country


• Obituary


• The Work of the Future


• Chronological Summary of the Fund's Work


• 
  Captain Conder's identifications

Elsewhere the following activities have been reported:

• Excavations in Jerusalem (1867–1870); conducted by Charles Warren and Henry Birtles


• The Survey of Western Palestine (1872–1877); The majority of the work of the survey was carried out by men from the Royal Engineers. Originally the survey was led by a Captain Stewart but he was forced home due to ill health. He was replaced by Major Wilson with Lieutenant Conder. Following the death of Tyrwhitt Drake from malaria Lieutenant Kitchener joined the group. The survey was suspended for 15 months following an incident in July 1875 when its members were attacked near Safad. The work around Beersheba was delayed due to fighting amongst the bedouin. Besides being a geographic survey the group collected thousands of place names with the objective of identifying Biblical, Talmudic, early Christian and Crusading locations. The survey resulted in the publication of a map of Palestine consisting of 26 sheets, at a scale of 1:63,360, the most detailed and accurate map of Palestine published in the 19th century.^[12]
  


• The Ordnance Survey of Sinai (1872); undertaken by Edward Palmer.


• Excavations at Tell el-Hesi (1890–1893); under the direction of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, and Frederick J. Bliss.


• Excavations resumed at Jerusalem (1890); led by F. Bliss, focussing on the southern edge of Mount Zion round to the Pool of Siloam.


• Excavations at Tell Zakariya (Azekah) (1897-1899); led by Frederick J. Bliss and R. A. Stewart Macalister.


• Excavations at Gezer (1902-1908); led by R. A. Stewart Macalister.


• Excavation at Beth-Shemesh (1911); led by Duncan Mackenzie.


• The Wilderness of Zin Archaeological Survey (1913–1914); conducted by Sir Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence.


• Excavation at Ashkelon (1920s); led by John Garstang.


• Excavation of paleolithic site on the Mount Carmel (1925); led by Dorothy Garrod.


• Excavations south of Gaza and at Beth Pelet (1929-1933); led by Petrie.


• Excavation at Samaria (1931-1933); led by John W. Crowfoot with Harvard and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.


• Excavation at Tel el-Duweir (1934-1938); led by James Leslie Starkey until his murder in 1938. Finds included some of the earliest examples of Hebrew written on over twenty ostraca.

The Palestine Exploration Fund was also involved in the foundation of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem in 1919. The School worked with the Fund in joint excavations at Jerusalem's Ophel in the 1920s. The school's second director, John Winter Crowfoot, was Chairman of the PEF from 1945 to 1950.^[13]

PEF today

Today the fund's office is located at 2 Hinde Mews, W1U 2AA, off Jason Court and Marylebone Lane north of Wigmore Street in the Marylebone section of the City of Westminster, London.

Events

The PEF holds regular events and lectures and provides annual grants for various projects. In partnership with the British Museum Department of Middle East, the Palestine Exploration Fund hosts free lectures that reflect the diverse interests of their membership. The PEF also co-ordinates joint lectures with the Council for British Research in the Levant, the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, the Society for Arabian Studies, and the Egypt Exploration Society. Once a year, an Annual General Meeting (AGM) is held before an lecture.

Grants

Each year the Palestine Exploration Fund offers grants for travel and research related to topics connected with its founding aims.

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"to promote research into the archaeology and history, manners and customs and culture, topography, geology and natural sciences of biblical Palestine and the Levant"

The committee welcomes interdisciplinary applications relating to the fund’s aims, as well as those relating to the PEF’s archival collections. The PEF grants are open to all members of the PEF or someone who is becoming a member.^[14]

Collection

The PEF's offices also house collections of photographs, maps, specimens, manuscripts, and paintings.^[1] At their location in London, there are collections over 6,000 artefacts that range in date from 40,000 B.C. to the 19th century. The archives contain over 40,000 photographs of Palestine, Jordan, and Syria.^[1] Objects come from sites in the South Levant, in particular from Jerusalem, Tell el Hesi, and Samaria. The material comes almost exclusively from PEF excavations carried out between the 1860s to the 1930s. Items on display include artefacts from excavations by Charles Warren, Sir William Flinders Petrie, Frederick Jones Bliss, and John Crowfoot.^[15] The PEF also has a collection of casts from original items that now reside in different areas around the world.^[16]

Also at the PEF is an archive of maps that is composed mainly of documents, letters, reports, plans and maps compiled by the explorers and scholars who worked for the PEF. These explorers include Charles Warren in Jerusalem and Palestine (1867–1870), Claude Conder and Horatio Kitchener on the Survey of Western Palestine (1872–1878), the Survey of Eastern Palestine (1880–81) and the Wady Arabah (1883-4), the excavations of Flinders Petrie and Frederick Jones Bliss at Tell el Hesi (1890-1892), the excavations of R.A.S. Macalister at Gezer (1902–06), Duncan Mackenzie’s excavations at Ain Shems-Beth Shemesh in 1910–1912, C. L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence on the Wilderness of Zin Survey (1913–14), and many others.^[17]

In addition to these items, the PEF also maintains a collection of photographs of expeditions, coins, natural history, models, and historic forgeries.^[18]

The PEF also houses a library containing books pertaining to the diverse interests of itself and its members.

Palestine Exploration Quarterly

The journal of the PEF devoted to the study of the history, archaeology and geography of the Levant is Palestine Exploration Quarterly which has appeared since 1869 (as Quarterly Statement up to 1937). There are currently three volumes published each year.

See also

• Syro-Palestinian archaeology

Further reading

• Gibson, S. 1999. British Archaeological Institutions in Mandatory Palestine, 1917-1948. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 131, 115-143.


• Moscrop, J. J. 1999. Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land. London: Leicester University Press.


• Levin, N. 2006. The Palestine exploration fund map (1871–1877) of the holy land as a tool for analysing landscape changes: the coastal dunes of Israel as a case study. The Cartographic Journal, 43(1), 45-67.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palestine Exploration Fund.

• 
  Palestine Exploration Fund - official web site


• Palestine Exploration Quarterly


• 
  The Survey of Western Palestine map, 1880, web interface and downloadable MrSID file, from David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.


• 
  Quarterly Statement, volumes 1-40 (1870-1908) with omissions, from the Internet Archive.


• Definition, from PEF website


• 
  American Palestine Exploration Society was inspired by the Palestine Exploration Fund, and organized in New York in 1870


• Conder, Claude Reignier, Horatio Herbert Kitchener Kitchener, Edward Henry Palmer, and Walter Besant. The Survey of Western and Eastern Palestine. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1881-1889

Survey of Western Palestine

• Volume 1 Introduction


• Volume 2 Galilee


• Volume 3 Samaria


• Volume 4 Judaea


• Volume 5 Jerusalem


• Volume 6 Flora & Fauna


• Volume 7 Memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography


• Volume 8 Special Papers


• Volume 9 Arabic and English Name Lists


• Volume 10 General Index

Survey of Eastern Palestine

• Volume 1 Memoirs

Bibliography

• 
  Shehadeh, Raja (2008), Palestinian Walks: Forays into a Vanishing Landscape, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 1416570098