Treaty ports




Ports in East Asia opened to trade with Western countries








1899 commercial map of China showing treaty ports


The treaty ports refers to the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade by the "unequal treaties" with the Western powers, as well as cities in Korea opened up in similar fashion by the Japanese Empire.




Contents






  • 1 Chinese treaty ports


    • 1.1 Chinese capitulation treaties


    • 1.2 Major treaty ports


    • 1.3 Leased territories




  • 2 Japanese treaty ports


  • 3 Korean treaty ports


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 Further reading


  • 7 External links





Chinese treaty ports



The British established the first treaty ports in China at the conclusion of the First Opium War by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo), Fuchow (Fuzhou), and Amoy (Xiamen). The following year the Chinese and British signed the Treaty of the Bogue, which added provisions for extraterritoriality and most favoured nation status for the latter country. Subsequent negotiations with the Americans (1843 Treaty of Wanghia) and the French (1844 Treaty of Whampoa) led to further concessions for these nations on the same terms as the British.


The second group of treaty ports was set up following the end of the Arrow War in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers.


Foreigners, who were centered in sections newly built for them on the edges of existing port cities, enjoyed legal extraterritoriality as stipulated in Unequal Treaties. Foreign clubs, racecourses, and churches were established in major treaty ports. Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers such as in the concessions in China, effectively removing them from the control of local governments.



Chinese capitulation treaties


The treaty port system in China lasted approximately one hundred years. It began with the 1841 Opium War and ended with the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. The major powers involved were the British, the French, and the Americans, although by the end of the 19th century all the major powers were involved, including Latin American countries and the Congo Free State. It is not possible to put an exact date on the end of the treaty port era. The Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the Russian revolution in 1917, and the Germans were forced to concede their treaty rights following their defeat in World War I.


Norway voluntarily relinquished its treaty rights in a capitulation treaty of 1931. The three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French, continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until the Second World War. This ended when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor at the end of 1941. They then formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new "equal treaties" agreement with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government in exile in Chungking in 1943.


Meanwhile, the pro-Japanese puppet government in Nanking signed a capitulation treaty with the Vichy French government in 1943. This was not recognized by Free French leader Charles de Gaulle. In 1946, in order to induce the Chinese to vacate the northern half of French Indochina, de Gaulle signed a capitulation treaty with Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist (Kuomintang) government.


Whatever residues of the treaty port era were left in the late 1940s were ended when the communists took over China in 1949.



Major treaty ports










































































































































































































Current province or municipality
Cities
Date
Foreign concession holders

Shanghai

Shanghai
1842–1946
Greater Shanghai had three sections: These comprised the Shanghai International Settlement of the  United Kingdom and the  United States, the France French Concession and the Old City of Shanghai.

Jiangsu Province

Nanjing (Nanking)
1858


Zhenjiang



Jiangxi Province

Jiujiang



Hubei Province

Hankou, now part of Wuhan (Hankow)
1858–1945

 United Kingdom; later France France,  Germany and  Empire of Japan

Shashi


 Japan

Yichang



Hunan Province

Changsha
1937–1945

 Japan

Yuezhou



Sichuan Province

Chongqing (Chungking)



Zhejiang Province

Ningbo (Ningpo)
1841–1842

 United Kingdom

Wenzhou


 United Kingdom

Fujian Province

Fuzhou (Foochow)
1842–1945

 United Kingdom, then  Japan

Xiamen (Amoy)
1842–1912

 United Kingdom

Guangdong Province

Guangzhou (Canton)
1842–WWII

 United Kingdom; then  Japan

Shantou (Swatow)
1858

 United Kingdom

Sanshui



Haikou (Qiongshan)
1858


Guangxi Province

Beihai
1876–1940s?

 United Kingdom,  United States,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  France, Italy Italy,  Portugal,  Belgium

Nanning



Yunnan Province

Mengzi



Simao



Dengyue



Shandong Province

Yantai



Hebei Province

Tianjin (Tientsin)
1860–1902

 United Kingdom,  United States,  Russia,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  France, Italy Italy,  Portugal,  Belgium

Liaoning Province

Niuzhuang
1858


Yingkou



Shenyang



Jilin Province

Changchun



Hunchun



Heilongjiang Province

Harbin
1898–1946

 Russia,  United States,  Germany; later  Japan and the  Soviet Union

Aihun


 Russia,  Soviet Union

Manzhouli


 Russia,  Soviet Union

New Taipei City

Tamsui
1862


Tainan

Tainan
1858

 France


Leased territories


In these territories the foreign powers obtained, under a lease treaty, not only the right to trade and exemptions for their subjects, but a truly colonial control over each concession territory, de facto annexation:





















































Territory
Modern Province
Date
Lease holder
Notes

Kwantung

Liaoning
1894–1898

Empire of Japan Imperial Japan
Now Dalian
1898–1905

Russia Imperial Russia
1905–1945

Empire of Japan Imperial Japan

Weihai
Shandong Province
1898–1930

 United Kingdom


Qingdao
Shandong Province
1897–1922

 German Empire


New Territories

Hong Kong SAR
1842; 1860; 1898–1997

 United Kingdom
These are the territories adjoining the original perpetual Hong Kong concession and its 1860 Kowloon extension

Guangzhouwan
Guangdong Province
1911–1946

 France
Now Zhanjiang


Japanese treaty ports


Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, Shimoda and Hakodate, in 1854 (Convention of Kanagawa), to the United States.


In 1858, with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce designated four more ports, Kanagawa, Hyogo, Nagasaki, and Niigata. The treaty with the United States was followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia and France. The ports permitted legal extraterritoriality for citizens of the treaty nations.


The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the years 1899 as a consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation. Japan had sought treaty revision earnestly, and in 1894, signed a new treaty with Britain which revised or abrogated the previous "unequal" treaty. Other countries signed similar treaties. The new treaties came into force in July 1899.



Korean treaty ports


Following the Ganghwa Treaty of 1876, the Korean kingdom of Joseon agreed to the opening of three strategic ports and the extension of legal extraterritoriality to merchants from Meiji Japan. The first port opened in this manner was Busan, while Incheon and Wonsan followed shortly thereafter. These cities became important centers of mercantile activity for traders from China and Japan until Korea's colonization by Japan in 1910.



See also



  • Unequal treaties

  • Concessions in China



References




  • Confucian Gentlemen and Barbarian Envoys: The Opening of Korea, 1875-1885 by Martina Deuchler (University of Washington Press, 1977).


  • Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858–1899 by J.E. Hoare (RoutledgeCurzon, 1995) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
    ISBN 978-1-873410-26-4.


  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.



Further reading


  • Nield, Robert. The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co., 2010.


External links




  • Treaty ports and extraterritoriality in China, 1921–22 at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 April 2016)

  • WorldStatesmen: China

  • Omniatlas: Map of treaty port system in China in 1907 (earlier dates also available)

  • Treaty ports in China, 1557-1999









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