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MongoDB

Developer(s)	MongoDB Inc.
Initial release	February 11, 2009; 10 years ago (2009-02-11)[1]
Stable release	4.0.6[2] / 5 February 2019; 48 days ago (2019-02-05)
Preview release	4.1.8[3] / 12 February 2019; 41 days ago (2019-02-12)
Repository	github.com/mongodb/mongo
Written in	C++, JavaScript, Python and Go
Operating system	Windows Vista and later, Linux, OS X 10.7 and later, Solaris,[4]FreeBSD[5]
Available in	English
Type	Document-oriented database
License	Various; see § Licensing
Website	www.mongodb.com

MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with schemata. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc. and licensed under the Server Side Public License (SSPL).

History

10gen software company began developing MongoDB in 2007 as a component of a planned platform as a service product. In 2009, the company shifted to an open source development model, with the company offering commercial support and other services. In 2013, 10gen changed its name to MongoDB Inc.^[6]

On October 20, 2017, MongoDB became a publicly-traded company, listed on NASDAQ as MDB with an IPO price of $24 per share.^[7]

Main features

Ad hoc queries

MongoDB supports field, range query, and regular expression searches.^[8] Queries can return specific fields of documents and also include user-defined JavaScript functions. Queries can also be configured to return a random sample of results of a given size.

Indexing

Fields in a MongoDB document can be indexed with primary and secondary indices.

Replication

MongoDB provides high availability with replica sets.^[9] A replica set consists of two or more copies of the data. Each replica set member may act in the role of primary or secondary replica at any time. All writes and reads are done on the primary replica by default. Secondary replicas maintain a copy of the data of the primary using built-in replication. When a primary replica fails, the replica set automatically conducts an election process to determine which secondary should become the primary. Secondaries can optionally serve read operations, but that data is only eventually consistent by default.

Load balancing

MongoDB scales horizontally using sharding.^[10] The user chooses a shard key, which determines how the data in a collection will be distributed. The data is split into ranges (based on the shard key) and distributed across multiple shards. (A shard is a master with one or more replicas.). Alternatively, the shard key can be hashed to map to a shard – enabling an even data distribution.

MongoDB can run over multiple servers, balancing the load or duplicating data to keep the system up and running in case of hardware failure.

File storage

MongoDB can be used as a file system, called GridFS, with load balancing and data replication features over multiple machines for storing files.

This function, called grid file system,^[11] is included with MongoDB drivers. MongoDB exposes functions for file manipulation and content to developers. GridFS can be accessed using mongofiles utility or plugins for Nginx^[12] and lighttpd.^[13] GridFS divides a file into parts, or chunks, and stores each of those chunks as a separate document.^[14]

Aggregation

MongoDB provides three ways to perform aggregation: the aggregation pipeline, the map-reduce function, and single-purpose aggregation methods.^[15]

Map-reduce can be used for batch processing of data and aggregation operations. But according to MongoDB's documentation, the Aggregation Pipeline provides better performance for most aggregation operations.^[16]

The aggregation framework enables users to obtain the kind of results for which the SQL GROUP BY clause is used. Aggregation operators can be strung together to form a pipeline – analogous to Unix pipes. The aggregation framework includes the $lookup operator which can join documents from multiple documents, as well as statistical operators such as standard deviation.

Server-side JavaScript execution

JavaScript can be used in queries, aggregation functions (such as MapReduce), and sent directly to the database to be executed.

Capped collections

MongoDB supports fixed-size collections called capped collections. This type of collection maintains insertion order and, once the specified size has been reached, behaves like a circular queue.

Transactions

Support for multi-document ACID transactions was added to MongoDB with the General Availability of the 4.0 release in June 2018.^[17]

Editions

MongoDB Community Server

The MongoDB Community Edition is free and available for Windows, Linux, and OS X.^[18]

MongoDB Enterprise Server

MongoDB Enterprise Server is the commercial edition of MongoDB, available as part of the MongoDB Enterprise Advanced subscription.^[19]

MongoDB Atlas

MongoDB is also available as an on-demand fully managed service. MongoDB Atlas runs on AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.^[20]

Architecture

Programming language accessibility

MongoDB has official drivers for major programming languages and development environments.^[21] There are also a large number of unofficial or community-supported drivers for other programming languages and frameworks.

Serverless access

MongoDB Stitch^[22] provides serverless access to MongoDB and other services. Client libraries are available for JavaScript^[23], iOS^[24], and Android^[25].

Management and graphical front-ends

Record insertion in MongoDB with Robomongo 0.8.5.

The primary interface to the database has been the mongo shell. Since MongoDB 3.2, MongoDB Compass is introduced as the native GUI. There are products and third-party projects that offer user interfaces for administration and data viewing.^[26]

Licensing

As of October 2018, MongoDB is released under the Server Side Public License (SSPL), a license developed by the project. It replaces the GNU Affero General Public License, and is nearly identical to the GNU General Public License version 3, but requires that those making the software publicly available as part of a "service" must make the service's entire source code available under this license.^[27][28] The SSPL was submitted for certification to the Open Source Initiative but later withdrawn. The language drivers are available under an Apache License. In addition, MongoDB Inc. offers proprietary licenses for MongoDB. The last versions licensed as AGPL version 3 are 4.0.3 (stable) and 4.1.4.

MongoDB has been dropped from the Debian, Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions due to the licensing change. Fedora determined that the SSPL version 1 is not a free software license because it is "intentionally crafted to be aggressively discriminatory" towards commercial users.^[29][30]

Bug reports and criticisms

Security

Due to the default security configuration of MongoDB, allowing anyone to have full access to the database, data from tens of thousands of MongoDB installations has been stolen. Furthermore, many MongoDB servers have been held for ransom.^[31][32]

From the MongoDB 2.6 release onwards, the binaries from the official MongoDB RPM and DEB packages bind to localhost by default. From MongoDB 3.6, this default behavior was extended to all MongoDB packages across all platforms. As a result, all networked connections to the database will be denied unless explicitly configured by an administrator.^[33]

Technical criticisms

In some failure scenarios where an application can access two distinct MongoDB processes, but these processes cannot access each other, it is possible for MongoDB to return stale reads. In this scenario it is also possible for MongoDB to roll back writes that have been acknowledged.^[34] This issue was addressed since version 3.4.0 released in November 2016^[35] (and back-ported to v3.2.12).^[36]

Before version 2.2, concurrency control was implemented on a per-server process basis. With version 2.2, concurrency control was implemented at the database level.^[37] Since version 3.0,^[38] pluggable storage engines were introduced, and each storage engine may implement concurrency control differently.^[39] With MongoDB 3.0 concurrency control is implemented at the collection level for the MMAPv1 storage engine,^[40] and at the document level with the WiredTiger storage engine.^[41] With versions prior to 3.0, one approach to increase concurrency is to use sharding.^[42] In some situations, reads and writes will yield their locks. If MongoDB predicts a page is unlikely to be in memory, operations will yield their lock while the pages load. The use of lock yielding expanded greatly in 2.2.^[43]

Up until version 3.3.11, MongoDB could not do collation-based sorting and was limited to byte-wise comparison via memcmp which would not provide correct ordering for many non-English languages when used with a Unicode encoding. The issue was fixed on August 23, 2016.

With storage engine MMAPv1, MongoDB queries against an index are not atomic and can miss documents which are being updated while the query is running and match the query both before and after an update. ^[44] Prior to MongoDB 4.0 queries against an index were not atomic and could miss documents which were being updated while the query was running and match the query both before and after an update. The introduction of the snapshot read concern in MongoDB 4.0 eliminated this phenomenon. ^[45]

Prominent users

MongoDB is known to be used by the City of Chicago, Codecademy, Google Search, Foursquare, IBM, Orange S.A., The Gap, Inc., Uber, Coinbase, Sega, Barclays, HSBC, eBay, Cisco, Bosch and Urban Outfitters.^[46][47]

MongoDB World

MongoDB World is an annual developer conference hosted by MongoDB, Inc.^[48]

See also

• List of server-side JavaScript implementations


• 
  MEAN, a solutions stack using MongoDB as the database


• Server-side scripting


• 
  TokuMX, a fork of MongoDB with stronger consistency and new index structures

References

Bibliography

External links

• 
  Official website