Central Oregon




Region in Oregon, United States





























Central Oregon

Region

Panorama of Prineville in Crook County, and the Ochoco Mountains.
Panorama of Prineville in Crook County, and the Ochoco Mountains.


Central Oregon.svg

Coordinates: 44°30′N 121°00′W / 44.5°N 121°W / 44.5; -121Coordinates: 44°30′N 121°00′W / 44.5°N 121°W / 44.5; -121
Country
United States
State
Oregon
Cities
Bend
Madras
Prineville
Redmond
Sisters
Area
 • Total
7,833 sq mi (20,290 km2)
Population
 • Estimate (2014)
213,578[1]

Central Oregon is a geographic region in the U.S. state of Oregon and is traditionally considered to be made up of Deschutes, Jefferson, and Crook counties. Other definitions include larger areas, often encompassing areas to the north towards the Columbia River, eastward towards Burns, or south towards Klamath Falls. These three counties have a combined population of 153,558 as of the 2000 census, with Deschutes the largest of the three counties, having approximately four times the population of the other two counties combined. As of 2015, the most populous city in the region is Bend, with an estimated 87,014 residents.[2] As defined by the three county definition, Central Oregon covers 7,833 square miles (20,290 km2) of land. Central Oregon has had 3 record tourism years beginning in 2012. Over 2.2 million people visited Central Oregon in 2012 and again in 2013.


The region is located in the middle of the state with the Cascades to the west dividing the state from north to south, and the smaller Ochoco Mountains to the east. Portions of the region are part of a basalt plateau formed by the Columbia River Basalt Group, others are part of the slopes of the Cascades, and others part of the Basin and Range. The climate of the area is primarily arid due to the rain shadow effect of the Cascades on the western boundary of the region. Outdoor recreational activities, timber, and ranching are the primary economic activities.




Contents






  • 1 Geography


  • 2 History


  • 3 Ecology


  • 4 Climate


  • 5 Economy


    • 5.1 Tourism


    • 5.2 Fly fishing




  • 6 Camping


    • 6.1 Todd Lake Campground


    • 6.2 Soda Creek Campground


    • 6.3 Devils Lake Campground


    • 6.4 Elk Lake Resort and Campground


    • 6.5 Little Fawn Campground


    • 6.6 Mallard Marsh Campground


    • 6.7 South Campground


    • 6.8 See also


    • 6.9 Incorporated cities




  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





Geography


Further information: Geology of the Pacific Northwest and Oregon § Geography



The Metolius River near Camp Sherman.


The Central Oregon region covers approximately 7,833 square miles (20,290 km2), and sits at the convergence of the Basin and Range, Cascades, Blue Mountains, and Columbia River Plateau geologic regions. Because it is part of a historically volcanic region, volcanic rock formations are a common sight, including lava beds, volcanic buttes, crater lakes, volcanic plugs, and lava tubes.[3] Consequently, Deschutes is the most cave-rich county in Oregon with over 500 lava tubes.[4][5]


The primary river flowing through Central Oregon is the Deschutes River. Its source is Little Lava Lake in the Cascade Mountains, northwest of LaPine. The Deschutes runs south to north, eventually flowing into the Columbia River. Along its way, dams control its flow creating Crane Prairie Reservoir and Wickiup Reservoir. The river runs alongside the resort community of Sunriver and through the city of Bend. It is tapped as a water source for the Central Oregon Irrigation District which serves agricultural and municipal users. As the river continues north, it flows past the Eagle Crest Resort and the city of Redmond. North of Redmond, the Deschutes River has cut a 300 feet (91 m) deep canyon. West of Madras, Round Butte Dam impounds the Deschutes River, creating Lake Billy Chinook.


The two largest tributaries of the Deschutes are the Metolius River and the Crooked River. The Metolius begins at Metolius Springs and runs northeast, flowing into the Deschutes from the west just south of Round Butte Dam. The Crooked River flows west from its sources in the Ochoco Mountains and the Oregon high desert. It flows into the Deschutes from the east at Cove Palisades State Park. Both rivers merge into the Deschutes River, becoming part of Lake Billy Chinook, the reservoir created by the Round Butte Dam.



The Oregon Badlands Wilderness

The Oregon Badlands Wilderness.


The native plant life of Central Oregon can be divided between the Ponderosa forests at the foot of the Cascades, and the smaller Western Juniper forests to the east, with the Deschutes River being a rough boundary between the two. Because of the lack of precipitation, high temperatures, and lightning storms during the late summer, wildfires are a common occurrence. Small fires are essential, as they burn away detritus. With the arrival of European settlers, fire suppression became common. However, due to decades of fire suppression, several major wildfires have broken out and threatened large settlements. Major wildfires are becoming less common as the practice of controlled burns by local officials are more frequent.[6] The Oregon Badlands Wilderness preserves the indigenous character, flora, and fauna of the desert basin and is located about 20 miles (32 km) east of Bend.


The distribution of people in Central Oregon occurs mainly near its rivers. Most of its towns are built on riverside plains and between their surrounding foothills. Irrigation development in the region has made its otherwise arid flatlands useful for extensive hay production, farming, and livestock raising.



History


Further information: History of Oregon

Before European settlers arrived in the 19th century, Central Oregon was inhabited by the southernmost Sahaptin tribes and the northernmost tribes of the Northern Paiute.[7] However, with the arrival of settlers along the Oregon Trail in the mid-19th century, both tribes soon found themselves at odds with the settlers and the U.S. Army.


Peter Skene Ogden led a party of Hudson's Bay Company trapping through Central Oregon in 1826, becoming the first Euro-Americans explorers to visit the area. In 1843, Captain John C. Fremont and his Army survey team explored and mapped the western part of Central Oregon. Fremont was charged with mapping the Oregon Territory east of the Cascade Mountains from The Dalles on Columbia River to Sutter's Fort in Sacramento, California. The Fremont party, including Kit Carson and Thomas Fitzpatrick, camped near Bend on 4 December 1843.[8]



Newberry caldera at the Newberry National Volcanic Monument

Newberry caldera at the Newberry National Volcanic Monument.


In 1855, Secretary of War Jefferson Davis dispatched an Army Corps of Topographical Engineers' survey party to look for a railroad route from the Sacramento Valley in California to the Columbia River in the Oregon Territory. This required the party to survey the Deschutes River area in central Oregon. The survey party was led by two Lieutenants, Robert Stockton Williamson and Henry Larcom Abbot.[9][10]Newberry Crater is named after John Strong Newberry, the party's chief scientist.[8][11]


In 1865, a Company of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment led by Captain Charles Lafollett established Camp Polk. The fort was set up to protect early settlers from Indian raids. It was built 2.68 miles (4.31 km) northeast of modern-day Sisters. However, the post was soon abandoned.[12][13][14]


Not long after, homesteaders began to settle the region, making use of the wide open lands for ranches. In 1877, Prineville became the first city in the region, followed in 1888 by the founding of Sisters.


In the early 20th century, several major highways were constructed in the region, connecting it to the rest of the state. U.S. Route 97 would connect the region to the Columbia River and Portland, and Routes 20, 22, and 126 to the Willamette Valley.



Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company

Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company in Bend, Oregon.


In the first half of the 20th century, the lumber industry dominated Central Oregon's economy. By 1915, two competing companies had built large sawmills south of Bend. The combined output of the Shevlin-Hixon and Brooks-Scanlon mills made Bend one of the largest lumber producing towns in the world. In 1924, the Shevlin-Hixon mill alone processed 200,000,000 board feet (500,000 m3) of lumber.[15] There were at least eight lumber mills in the Prineville areas as well.[16] In the early 1930s, Sam Johnson opened a lumber mill in Sisters, the first of six Central Oregon mills the Johnson family owned over the years.
During World War II, the demand for timber increased dramatically and Central Oregon mill towns went through a period significant growth. After the war, Johnson opened a large mill in Redmond.[16][17][18]


The Shevlin-Hixon mill closed in the early 1950s.[15] Johnson's Redmond mill was destroyed by fire in 1963,[19] and the last mill in Sisters closed that same year.[20]
In 1967, Johnson sold his last mill at Warm Springs to the Warm Springs tribal council and provided additional plywood and veneer-making equipment to help the tribe establish Warm Springs Forest Products Industries.[21] The Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company sold their remaining timber land in the 1980s.[15]



Ecology




Ponderosa pines in the Ochoco National Forest.


Unlike the wetter regions west of the Cascades, plant and animal life is less diverse but hardier due to the arid nature of the region. Plant life, though not suitable for truly arid regions to the south, have evolved several defenses against water loss, as well as adaptions related to the yearly fires that burn through the region. Trees, such as the ponderosa pine, have thicker bark and do not bleed sap as profusely as trees to the west. Likewise, this thicker bark doesn't burn very easily. In fact, the ponderosa requires small brush fires to burn through, as their cones are opened by the heat of the passing fires.[6][22] Likewise, plants such as the black sagebrush and cheatgrass occur frequently within the region, especially among the shorter western juniper. There are also many different species of wildflower.


Central Oregon has a wide variety of habitats including mountain high country, conifer forest lands, riparian areas, high desert, and alkali flats. These habitats are home to many animal species. Common large mammals include American black bear, cougar, bobcat, coyote, gray fox, red fox, mule deer, black-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain elk, pronghorn, and bighorn sheep. Examples of smaller mammals found in Central Oregon are beaver, raccoon, weasel, otter, mink, fisher, marten, striped skunk, black-tailed jackrabbit, mountain cottontail, pygmy rabbit, golden-mantled ground squirrel, and least chipmunk.[23]





Western rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus sub. oreganus


Twelve species of hawks and eagles are found in Central Oregon. There are also five falcon species. These birds of prey include bald eagle, golden eagle, northern goshawk, northern harrier, red-tailed hawk, American kestrel, prairie falcon, and peregrine falcon. There are thirteen owl species, including barn owl, barred owl, boreal owl, burrowing owl, great gray owl, and great horned owl. Turkey vultures are also common. Central Oregon is home to seven woodpecker species, including downy woodpecker, hairy woodpecker, and Lewis's woodpecker. Northern flickers are found in the Central Oregon woodlands. There are a number of smaller birds as well. These include various larks, tanagers, swallows, jays, crows, chickadees, wrentits, dippers, nuthatches, wrens, thrushes, and grosbeaks.[24]


There are nine snake species found in Central Oregon. These include western rattlesnake, gopher snake, rubber boa, northwestern garter snake, and common garter snake. There are also numerous turtles, lizards, and frogs native to the region. These include western pond turtle, common collared lizard, northern alligator lizard, sagebrush lizard, short-horned lizard, western fence lizard, western skink, bullfrog, and Cascades frog.[25]


Historically, the local rivers have also been populated by several species of Pacific Ocean salmon. However, because of the numerous hydroelectric dams on the Columbia, there has been a reduction in the number of ocean-going species of fish.[26]



Climate


Because it sits in the rain shadow of the Cascade mountains, the climate is dry and sunny. The climate varies some among Central Oregon communities, but will see approximately 300 days of sunshine a year, which is the area's real draw. Summer temperatures range between 45 and 85 °F (7 and 29 °C) and winter months average between 20 and 40 °F (−7 and 4 °C).[27] Precipitation falls mostly in the winter season as snow, which ranges from 8 to 22 inches.[28] Winter snowfalls are also dangerous. Snowfalls quickly build up layers of ice as it begins to melt and refreeze daily over the months of December and January. This means that the snow is heavier and more solid, making it difficult to plow.[29]



Economy




Fly fishing is a popular pastime in Central Oregon.


The economy of Central Oregon relies heavily upon timber, ranching, and outdoor recreation. Much of Central Oregon is covered in forest and, while logging has declined in recent years, it is still an important part of the regional economy. These and other areas are used for the raising and grazing of livestock. A wide variety of outdoor recreation opportunities are also available in the region.


The Deschutes National Forest includes approximately 1,800,000 acres (7,300 km2) along the east side of the Cascade mountains. Deschutes National Forest lands cover much of Deschutes and Jefferson counties, extending into the northern parts of Klamath County and Lake County. The Ochoco National Forest is located north and east of Prineville. It covers approximately 850,000 acres (3,400 km2) in the Ochoco Mountains and surrounding areas. The timber and recreation opportunities of these two national forests are great assets to the Central Oregon region. Together, the two forests support many local businesses, contributing to the economic livelihood of more than 50,000 people in the region.[30]


Central Oregon is also rich with recreational activities. Both summer and winter recreation are big regional draws for sportsmen and tourists. Skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling are popular in the winter, while water skiing, boating, fishing, hiking, rock climbing, and several other activities draw outdoors enthusiasts during the summer.[31] Because of the many rivers and lakes in Central Oregon along with the high Cascades mountains, it has been dubbed an "outdoor playground".[32]


Central Oregon is the home of five destination resorts, as defined by the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development. Brasada Ranch is northeast of Bend by about 20 miles and was rated in 2017 as one of Travel and Leisure's Top 10 Resorts in the West. Sunriver is south of Bend. Pronghorn is northeast of Bend. Eagle Crest Resort is west of Redmond. Black Butte Ranch is west of Sisters. These resorts are major employers within the region.[33] In addition, Mount Bachelor ski area operates chairlifts during the winter and spring ski seasons. The Mount Bachelor ski area is one of the largest in the Pacific Northwest, covering 3,683 acres (14.9 km2) with 3,365 feet (1,026 m) of vertical.[34]



Tourism




A winter sunrise at Mount Bachelor in Central Oregon.


Central Oregon has a large outdoor tourism industry and it has a reputation for being a dog friendly vacation destination. Pet friendly lodging and restaurant options makes traveling to Central Oregon pets easy year round. Central Oregon has 26 breweries that contribute to the growing craft beer scene in Oregon, and over 5,000 visitors have traveled the Bend Ale Trail during their visit. Some other attractions and activities that are popular are Oregon's Scenic Bikeways, rock climbing at Smith Rock State Park, mountain biking on over 700 miles (1,100 km) of trails, hiking at Cascade Lakes, Deschutes River, Metolius River, Three Sisters, Broken Top crater and other locations, snowsports at Mount Bachelor, water sports such as rafting, kayaking, boating, tubing, paddleboarding, and swimming at hundreds of lakes, rivers, and streams, shopping tax free at designer boutiques, antique malls and shopping malls, and visiting The Museum at Warm Springs, the High Desert Museum and the Des Chutes Historical Museum as well as viewing displays hosted by various art studios.[35]
Another large draw for visitors are the year round events hosted throughout Central Oregon. There are currently 10 annual craft beer festivals held in Central Oregon: Winterfest in February, Central Oregon Beer Week, Mt. Bachelor's Brewski, and Sunriver Brewfest in May, Sisters Brewfest and The Fermentation Celebration in June, the Bend Brewfest and the Little Woody Barrel Aged Brew Fest in August, and the Bend Oktoberfest and the Sisters Fresh Hop Festival in September.[35]
Other events include the Sisters Rodeo, the Free Summer Concert Series at the Les Schwab Amphitheater, Pacific Crest Weekend Sports Festival, The Bite of Bend food festival, Fourth of July bike ride, Munch and Music in Drake Park, Summerfest in Downtown Bend, Riverfest in Maupin, Hoodoo Winter Carnival, the Pole Pedal Paddle, Barks and Recreation Dog Festival in Drake Park, the Sisters Outdoor Quilt Show, the Deschutes County Fair, Art in the High Desert at the Old Mill District, Shakespeare in the Park, Sisters Harvest Faire, and the ongoing First Friday Art Walk downtown Bend and the Old Mill District, Ironworks District Last Saturday Art Walk, and the Bend Farmers Market held Wednesdays downtown Bend from June through October.[35]



Fly fishing


Central Oregon has long been a fly-fishing center. In October 2012 Central Oregon hosted the Fly Fishing National Championships.[36] One of the best trout and steelhead fisheries is in the Deschutes River and is one of the most regulated. Bend is a top destination for US anglers and has been named # 1 town for sportsmen.[37]
Ponds popular for fly fishing in the area include Shevlin Pond, Bend Pine Nursery Pond, Reynolds Pond, Prineville Youth Pond, Walton Lake, Fireman's Pond, Sprague Pond, and Century Pond.[38]



Camping


The Deschutes National Forest contains about 104 developed campsites. Many of these are right outside Bend off the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway.



Todd Lake Campground


Todd Lake is the first off the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway. The campground only has 3 walk in sites and they are no reservation. This lake is known for the hiking and beautiful scenery with views of Broken Top. It is home to the Cascades Frog and the Western Toad, which are threatened species.[39] While camping here, visitors can take part in hiking, fishing, and horseback riding trails. These camp site has no running water but do have toilets.



Soda Creek Campground


Located further down on the byway, Sparks Lake has views of Broken Top, South Sisters and Mt.Bachelor. The camp grounds are close to the lake off Soda Creek. It is accessible with a small vehicle and is primarily for tent camping. Fishing and hiking are the two main attractions to this campground. The campground has fire rings, picnic tables, restrooms and trash cans. The fee is approximately $10.00 per night.[40]


Spark Lake is a trout lake, primalled with cutthroat trout and occasionally brook trout, as it used to be a fishery for them. Visitors can fish from shore or boats. Both motorized and non motorized boats are allowed with a maximum speed of 10 miles per hour.[41] Sparks Lake is a fly fishing only lake.


Soda Creek Trail and Green Lakes Trail are the two popular hiking trails near by. The Soda Creek Trail can be done as a day hike, although it is a primitive trail and does not have bridges over streams. Green Lakes Trail is known for backpacking and goes up through Broken Top and South Sisters.



Devils Lake Campground



Elk Lake Resort and Campground



Little Fawn Campground


This campground is also on Elk Lake, but is more secluded. It has 20 single sites and 12 group sites to accommodate larger parties. The facility has two CXT toilets and a pump for drinking water, along with picnic tables and campfire rings. These sites can be reserved but are otherwise on a first-come, first-served basis.[42] There is day use beach and boat ramp for lake access. This campground is only open during the summer months when the snow has melted as there is no winter access.[43] Hiking and horseback riding are popular activities off this campground on the Elk-Devils Trail which goes all the way to the Wickiup Plains Trail.[44]



Mallard Marsh Campground


Located on Hosmer Lake, this campground offers 15 single campsites. This facility has vault toilets, but no access to drinking water. Each site has a picnic table and a fire pit with grill. There is a pay station on site and averages $10.00 per night.[45] The main attractions of this campground are hiking, fishing, canoeing and kayaking. It is stocked with Atlantic salmon and has many brook trout naturally, however fishing is limited to catch-and-release fly fishing with barbless hooks. With views of Broken Top, Mt.Bachelor, and South Sisters, Hosmer Lake Campgrounds are a great place to explore and enjoy the scenery and wildlife.[46]



South Campground


This is the sister campground to Mallard Marsh and together they are often known as the Hosmer Lake Campgrounds. This facility features 23 sites that are RV, trailer or tent friendly. There is also a boat ramp that provides access to Hosmer Lake. There is also no water here so campers must bring their own.[47]



See also







  • List of Oregon state parks

  • Picture of Smith Rock



Incorporated cities
















































City
 Population (2014)[1]
 County

Bend
 84,080
Deschutes

Culver
 1,392
Jefferson

La Pine
 1,742
Deschutes

Madras
 6,533
Jefferson

Metolius
 723
Jefferson

Prineville
 9,258
Crook

Redmond
 27,491
Deschutes

Sisters
 2,224
Deschutes



A view from Pilot Butte, looking west at the city of Bend with the Cascade Mountains in the background.



References





  1. ^ ab "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Census.gov. May 2016. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.


  3. ^ Orr, William N. and Elizabeth L. (2006). Geology of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd. Ed. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57766-480-2.


  4. ^ Matt Skeels. "The Caves of Central Oregon". Oregon High Desert Grotto. Retrieved 2013-07-12.


  5. ^ Maben, Scott (March 11, 1994). "Guidelines Set to Save C.O. Caves". Bend Bulletin. p. A-17. Retrieved 2009-10-18.


  6. ^ ab "Beyond the Flames: The Story of Wildfire in Central Oregon" (PDF). Project Wildfire, Central Oregon Fire Prevention Co-op. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-04-19.


  7. ^ Mollie Jackson. "Languages of Oregon". University of Oregon Linguistics Department. Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-03-12.


  8. ^ ab "History - 1800 to 1899", Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bend, Oregon, 12 June 200.


  9. ^ Abbot, Charles Greeley, Biographical Memoir of Henry Larcom Abbot, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1929.


  10. ^ Jette, Melinda (2003). "Mount Jefferson & Black Butte", Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-06-17.


  11. ^ McArthur, Lewis A. and Lewis L. McArthur, Oregon Geographic Names (Seventh Edition), Oregon Historical Society Press, Portland, Oregon, 2003, p. 702.


  12. ^ "The Oregon Story: History of a Place Timeline, Camp Polk Meadow Preserve" (PDF). Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-06-17.


  13. ^ Edwards, Glenn Thomas, Oregon Regiments in the Civil War Years: Duty on the Indian Frontier, unpublished Master of Arts thesis, Department of History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, June 1960.


  14. ^ "History of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry, Company A" Archived 2009-07-25 at the Wayback Machine., 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry, www.1stovi-20thmaine.org/index.htm, Oregon City, Oregon, 27 July 2009.


  15. ^ abc “History of Deschutes County” Archived October 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., Deschutes County Government, www.co.deschutes.or.us, Bend, Oregon, 30 July 2009.


  16. ^ ab “Ponderosa Pine Capital of the World Crook County Oregon” Archived December 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., digital exhibit, A.R. Bowman Memorial Museum, Prineville, Oregon, 3 August 2009.


  17. ^ History of Deschutes County in Oregon, Deschutes County Historical Society, Bend, Oregon: 1985, pp. 300-2.


  18. ^ Interview with Elizabeth H. Johnson Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. (transcribed from tape by Maret Pajutee), Sisters Watershed History Fest, Sisters Country Historical Society, 2006.


  19. ^ "Tite Knot loss mostly covered by insurance", The Bend Bulletin, Bend, Oregon, 2 August 1963.


  20. ^ "Sisters Country Timeline" Archived February 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Sisters Country Historical Society, www.sisterscountryhistoricalsociety.org, Sisters, Oregon, 2006.


  21. ^ Binus, Joshus (2003). "Warm Springs Reservation Mill", The Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-06-17.


  22. ^ "Ponderosa Pine - DesertUSA". Retrieved 2009-04-18.


  23. ^ "Mammals", Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bend, Oregon, 8 March 2004.


  24. ^ "Birds", Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bend, Oregon, 29 March 2004.


  25. ^ "Reptiles and Amphibians", Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bend, Oregon, 5 April 2004.


  26. ^ "Dams: impacts on salmon and steelhead". Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Retrieved 2009-04-19.


  27. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2013-01-01.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  28. ^ "Sisters, Oregon Facts, Schools, Colleges, Weather, Zip Code, and more". Retrieved 2009-04-19.


  29. ^ "Rainfall makes for ripe avalanche conditions in Cascades". 2008-12-14. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-19.


  30. ^ "Trivia", Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bend, Oregon, 24 July 2009.


  31. ^ "Central Oregon Outdoor Recreation". Archived from the original on 2009-03-14. Retrieved 2009-04-19.


  32. ^ [1]


  33. ^ Williams, Steve, "The Expansion of Oregon’s Destination Resorts", WorkSource Oregon, www.qualityinfo.org, Oregon Employment Department, Salem, Oregon, 29 March 2007.


  34. ^ Mountain Stats" Archived August 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., www.mtbachelor.com, Mount Bachelor Ski Resort, Bend, Oregon, 24 July 2009.


  35. ^ abc "Visit Bend, Sunriver, Redmond, Sisters | Central Oregon Tourism Information". Central Oregon Visitors Association. Retrieved 2014-11-28.


  36. ^ "unknown". visitbend.com. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
    [dead link]


  37. ^ "unknown". visitbend.com. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
    [dead link]


  38. ^ http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/easy_angling/docs/EasyAnglingCentralOregon.pdf-2012-06-13[permanent dead link] - Text Version


  39. ^ "Todd Lake Campground". fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-24.


  40. ^ "Free Camping Near You | Go Camping for Free!". freecampsites.net. Retrieved 2016-11-29.


  41. ^ "Sparks Lake". fs.usda.gov.


  42. ^ "Little Fawn Campground". fs.usda.gov. US Forest Service.


  43. ^ "Elk Lake, Little Fawn Campground". Outdoor Project. Retrieved 2016-11-29.


  44. ^ "LITTLE FAWN GROUP CAMP, OR". Recreation.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-29.


  45. ^ "Hosmer Lake Mallard Marsh Campground". Outdoor Project. Retrieved 2016-11-29.


  46. ^ "MALLARD MARSH CAMPGROUND, OR". Recreation.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-29.


  47. ^ "SOUTH CAMPGROUND, OR". Recreation.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-29.




External links




  • Media related to Central Oregon at Wikimedia Commons

  • COVA - Central Oregon Visitor's Association

  • Central Oregon Weather Conditions

  • Visit Bend - Bend Visitor and Convention Bureau

  • Recreation.gov

  • USDA - US Forest Service

  • Outdoor Project









-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun

圖片
12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun Type 89 gun mounted on Chitose Type Naval gun anti-aircraft gun Place of origin Japan Service history In service 1932–45 Used by Imperial Japanese Navy Wars World War II Production history Designed 1928–32 Produced 1932–45 No.  built ~1500 Variants Type 88 Specifications Mass 3,100 kilograms (6,834 lb) Barrel length 5,080 millimeters (16 ft 8 in) (bore length) Shell Fixed Shell weight 20.9–23.45 kilograms (46.1–51.7 lb) Caliber 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Breech horizontal breech block Elevation -8° to +90° [1] Rate of fire 8-14 rounds per minute Muzzle velocity 720–725 meters per second (2,360–2,380 ft/s) Maximum firing range 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at 90° (AA ceiling) 14,800 meters (48,600 ft) at 45° The 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA...
閱讀完整內容

Rikitea

圖片
Town in French Polynesia, France Rikitea Town Rikitea Location in French Polynesia Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Country   France Overseas collectivity   French Polynesia Territory Gambier Islands Island Mangareva Rikitea is a small town on Mangareva, which is part of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. A majority of the islanders live in Rikitea. [1] [2] The island was a protectorate of France in 1871 and was annexed in 1881. [3] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Landmarks 5 Transportation 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History The town's history dates to the era when the island was first settled with people from the Marquesas Islands in 1100 AD. Captain James Wilson of the London Missionary Society arrived in 1797 on Du...
閱讀完整內容

University of Vienna

圖片
"Vienna University" redirects here. For Vienna University of Economics and Business, see Vienna University of Economics and Business. University of Vienna Universität Wien Type Public Established 1365 Budget € 544 million [1] Rector Heinz Engl Academic staff 6,765 Administrative staff 3,106 Students 94,000 [2] Postgraduates 16,490 Doctoral students 8,945 Location Main building, Vienna , Austria 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Coordinates: 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Campus Urban Colors Blue and White           Affiliations Campus Europae, EUA, UNICA Website www.univie.ac.at/en Data as of 2016 [update] The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the Ge...
閱讀完整內容