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Agostino Sacchitiello (Carmine Crocco's lieutenant) and some members of his band from Bisaccia, photographed in 1862.

Banditry is the life and practice of bandits. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey".

In modern usage the word may become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.^[1]

Origin of the word

The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1590) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bannan (English ban). The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban".^{[citation needed]} In modern Italian the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person.

History

Members of the Dalton Gang following the Battle of Coffeyville in 1892. Left to right: Bill Power; Bob Dalton; Grat Dalton and Dick Broadwell.

About 5,000 bandits were executed by Pope Sixtus V in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout Central Italy.^[2]

Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. The growth of warlord armies in China was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity in the republican period; by 1930 the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million.^[3]

Social bandit

"Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized by law as illegal. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study Bandits. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates. Later social scientists have also discussed the term's applicability to more modern forms of crime, like street gangs and the economy associated with the trade in illegal drugs.^{[citation needed]}

Nazi Germany

In Nazi Germany, the doctrine of Bandenbekämpfung ("bandit fighting") meant that opponents of the regime were portrayed as "bandits"—dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. Any opposition was suppressed with maximum force and, usually, the mass murder of civilians living in partisan-controlled areas.^[4]

See also

• 
  Bagaudae, bandits around the Pyrenees in the Roman Empire


• 
  Hajduks, bandits in the Balkans


• Sardinian banditry


• 
  Dacoity, Hindi term for banditry

References