Bayeux
Bayeux | ||
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Subprefecture and commune | ||
The historic centre, the Notre Dame Cathedral, the Aure and tourist office | ||
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Location of Bayeux | ||
Bayeux Show map of France Bayeux Show map of Normandy | ||
Coordinates: 49°16′46″N 0°42′10″W / 49.2794°N 0.7028°W / 49.2794; -0.7028Coordinates: 49°16′46″N 0°42′10″W / 49.2794°N 0.7028°W / 49.2794; -0.7028 | ||
Country | France | |
Region | Normandy | |
Department | Calvados | |
Arrondissement | Bayeux | |
Canton | Bayeux | |
Intercommunality | Bayeux Intercom | |
Government | ||
• Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (2014–2020) | Patrick Gomont | |
Area 1 | 7.11 km2 (2.75 sq mi) | |
Population (2013)2 | 13,888 | |
• Density | 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi) | |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) | |
INSEE/Postal code | 14047 /14400 | |
Elevation | 32–67 m (105–220 ft) | |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. |
Bayeux (French pronunciation: [bajø]) is a commune in the Calvados department in Normandy in northwestern France.
Bayeux is the home of the Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England. It is also known as the first major town secured by the Allies during Operation Overlord. Charles de Gaulle made two famous speeches in this town.
Contents
1 Administration
2 Location
3 Etymology
4 History
4.1 Origins
4.2 Middle Ages
4.3 Post-medieval
5 Natural features
6 Population
7 Sights
8 Personalities
9 International relations
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Administration
Bayeux is a sub-prefecture of Calvados. It is the seat of the arrondissement of Bayeux and of the canton of Bayeux.
Location
Bayeux is located 7 kilometres (4 miles) from the coast of the English Channel and 30 km (19 mi) north-west of Caen. The city, with elevations varying from 32 to 67 metres (105 to 220 feet) above sea level – with an average of 46 metres (151 feet) – is bisected by the River Aure. Bayeux is located at the crossroads of RN 13 and the train route Paris-Caen-Cherbourg. The city is the capital of the Bessin, which extends north-west of Calvados.
Etymology
The city was known as Augustodurum in the Roman Empire. It means the durum (Celtic word duro- 'door', 'gate', Welsh dor, Breton dor 'door', 'gate') dedicated to Augustus, Roman Emperor. The Celtic word duron, Latinised as durum, was probably used to translate the Latin word forum (Compare Fréjus Forum Julii, dedicated to Julius (Caesar)).[1]
In the Late Empire it took the name of the Celtic tribe who lived here: the Bodiocassi, Latinized in Bajocassi, Bajocasses, and this word explains the place-names Bayeux and Bessin. Bodiocassi has been compared with Old Irish Buidechass 'with blond locks'.[2]
History
Origins
Founded as a Gallo-Roman settlement in the 1st century BC under the name Augustodurum, Bayeux is the capital of the former territory of the Baiocasses people of Gaul, whose name appears in Pliny's Natural History (iv.107). Evidence of earlier human occupation of the territory comes from fortified Celtic camps, but there is no evidence of any major pre-existing Celtic town before the organization of Gaul in Roman civitates. Any settlement was more likely confined to scattered Druid huts along the banks of the Aure and Drome rivers or on Mount Phaunus where they worshiped. Cemeteries have been found on the nearby Mount Phaunus indicating the area as a Druid centre. Titus Sabinus, a lieutenant of Julius Caesar, subjected the Bessin region to Roman domination. The 5th-century Notitia provinciarum et civitatum Galliae mentions Suevi that had been officially settled here (laeti).[3]
The town is mentioned by Ptolemy, writing in the reign of Antoninus Pius, under the name Noemagus Biducassium (for *Noviomagus Badiocassium 'New market of the Badiocassi') and remained so until the time of the Roman Empire. The main street was already the heart of the city. Two baths, under the Church of St. Lawrence and the post office in rue Laitière, and a sculpted head of the goddess Minerva have been found, attesting to the adoption of Roman culture. In 1990 a closer examination of huge blocks discovered in the cathedral in the 19th century indicated the presence of an old Roman building. Bayeux was built on a crossroads between Lisieux and Valognes, developing first on the west bank of the river. By the end of the 3rd century a walled enclosure surrounded the city and remained until it was removed in the 18th century. Its layout is still visible and can be followed today. The citadel of the city was located in the southwest corner and the cathedral the southeast. An important city in Normandy, Bayeux was part of the coastal defence of the Roman Empire against the pirates of the region, and a Roman legion was stationed there.
Middle Ages
The city was largely destroyed during the Viking raids of the late 9th century but was rebuilt in the early 10th century under the reign of Bothon. In the middle of the 10th century Bayeux was controlled by Hagrold, a pagan Viking who defended the city against the Franks. The 12th-century poet Benoît de Saint-Maure, in his verse history of the dukes of Normandy, remarked on the "Danish" commonly spoken at Bayeux.[4]
The 11th century saw the creation of five villages beyond the walls to the north east evidence of its growth during Ducal Normandy. William the Conqueror's half brother Odo, Earl of Kent completed the cathedral in the city and it was dedicated in 1077. However the city began to lose prominence when William placed his capital at Caen. When King Henry I of England defeated his brother Robert Curthose for the rule of Normandy, the city was burned to set an example to the rest of the duchy. Under Richard the Lionheart, Bayeux was wealthy enough to purchase a municipal charter. From the end of Richard's reign to the end of the Hundred Years' War, Bayeux was repeatedly pillaged until Henry V of England captured the city in 1417. After the Battle of Formigny, Charles VII of France recaptured the city and granted a general amnesty to its populace in 1450. The capture of Bayeux heralded a return to prosperity as new families replaced those decimated by war and these built some 60 mansions scattered throughout the city, with stone supplanting wood.
Post-medieval
The area around Bayeux is called the Bessin, which was the bailiwick of the province Normandy until the French Revolution. During the Second World War, Bayeux was the first city of the Battle of Normandy to be liberated, and on 16 June 1944 General Charles de Gaulle made the first of two major speeches in Bayeux in which he made clear that France sided with the Allies. The buildings in Bayeux were virtually untouched during the Battle of Normandy, the German forces being fully involved in defending Caen from the Allies.
The Bayeux War Cemetery with its memorial includes the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France. There are 4,648 graves, including 3,935 British and 466 Germans. Most of those buried there were killed in the invasion of Normandy.
Royal British Legion National, every 5 June at 1530 hrs, attends the 3rd Division Cean Memorial Service and beating retreat ceremony. On the 6th of June, it holds a remembrance service in Bayeux Cathedral starting at 1015 hrs, and later at 1200 hrs, the Royal British Legion National holds a service of remembrance at the Bayeux Cemetery. All services are open to the public, all Standards RBL, NVA, RN, ARMY, and RAF service and Regimental Associations are welcome to attend and parade. Details can be found at www.rblsomme.org
The French town of Bayeux is also the home of a memorial to all of the journalists who have lost their lives while reporting. The memorial was designed by Samuel Craquelin, who is a French architect. The memorial lists the names of 1,889 journalists killed between 1944 and 2007. The memorial was established in Bayeux because of its historic liberation on 7 June 1944.[5]
Natural features
The river Aure flows through Bayeux, offering panoramic views from a number of locations. The Aure has a relatively high level of turbidity and the speed of its brownish water is moderate because of the slight slope of the watercourse, although where it is narrow in places like the centre of Bayeux, higher surface speeds are generated. In the centre of Bayeux near the Bayeux Tapestry Museum, pH levels were measured at 8.35 and the electrical conductivity of water was tested at 37 microsiemens per centimetre. Turbidity was measured at 13 centimetres by the Secchi disk method. At this point of reference, flows are generally of the order of 50 cubic feet per second (1.4 m3/s).[6]
The Bajocian Age in the Jurassic Period of geological time takes its name from the Latinised name of the inhabitants of Bayeux (the Bajocassi)
Population
Historical population | ||
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Year | Pop. | ±% |
1793 | 10,578 | — |
1800 | 9,600 | −9.2% |
1806 | 10,419 | +8.5% |
1821 | 10,280 | −1.3% |
1831 | 10,303 | +0.2% |
1836 | 10,242 | −0.6% |
1841 | 9,840 | −3.9% |
1846 | 9,765 | −0.8% |
1851 | 9,360 | −4.1% |
1856 | 9,667 | +3.3% |
1861 | 9,483 | −1.9% |
1866 | 9,138 | −3.6% |
1872 | 8,536 | −6.6% |
1876 | 8,614 | +0.9% |
1881 | 8,357 | −3.0% |
1886 | 8,347 | −0.1% |
1891 | 8,102 | −2.9% |
1896 | 7,912 | −2.3% |
1901 | 7,806 | −1.3% |
1906 | 7,736 | −0.9% |
1911 | 7,638 | −1.3% |
1921 | 7,206 | −5.7% |
1926 | 7,525 | +4.4% |
1931 | 7,351 | −2.3% |
1936 | 7,637 | +3.9% |
1946 | 10,246 | +34.2% |
1954 | 10,077 | −1.6% |
1962 | 9,678 | −4.0% |
1968 | 11,451 | +18.3% |
1975 | 13,457 | +17.5% |
1982 | 14,721 | +9.4% |
1990 | 14,704 | −0.1% |
1999 | 14,961 | +1.7% |
2008 | 13,478 | −9.9% |
The inhabitants of Bayeux are called Bayeusains [bajøzɛ̃] or Bajocasses [baʒokas].[citation needed]
Sights
Bayeux is a major tourist attraction, best known to British and French visitors for the Bayeux tapestry, made to commemorate events in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. According to the legend, the tapestry was made by Reine Mathilde, wife of William the Conqueror. In fact, it may have been designed and woven in England.[7] It is displayed in a museum in the town centre. The large Norman-Romanesque and Gothic Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Bayeux,[8] consecrated in 1077, was arguably the original home of the tapestry where William's half-brother Odo of Bayeux (represented on the tapestry with a wooden club at the Battle of Hastings), would have had it displayed.
The Jardin botanique de Bayeux is a botanical garden dating from 1864.
Personalities
Muriel Barbery (born 1965), writer
Berengar II of Neustria (died 896 AD), Count of Bayeux
Roger Bésus (1915–1994), sculptor and writer
Frédéric Née (born 1975), footballer
Alain Chartier (1392–1430), politician and poet
Pierre Du Bosc (1623–1692), preacher
Franck Dumas (born 1968), footballer and coach Stade Malherbe de Caen
Jean-Léonce Dupont (born 1955), senator and former mayor
Arcisse de Caumont (1801–1873), archaeologist, founded the Societé des Antiquaires de Normandy
François de Caumont (1768–1848), designer and painter
Miss George (1787–1867), actress and mistress of Napoleon
Georges Lenepveu (1857–1923), inventor and master glassmaker
François Gérard (1770–1837), painter and member of Bayeux
Jean Grémillon (1901–1959), film director
Joachim Rupalley (1718–1780) painter
Édouard Lair de Beauvais, (1790–1851), architect
Alfred Lair de Beauvais (1820–1869), organist and composer
Robert Lefèvre (1755–1830), painter
Lionel Lemonchois (born 1960), navigator
Léon Le Cieux (1821–1873), violinist
Damien Letulle (born 1973), Olympic archer
Gabriel-Narcisse Rupalley (1745–1798), painter
Saint Marcouf (died 588 AD), saint born in Bayeux, best known for the healing of scrofula
Éric Navet (born 1959), jockey
Poppa of Bayeux, wife of Rollo
Saint Vigor (died 537 AD), bishop of Bayeux from 513 to 537, destroyed a pagan temple in Bayeux
William the Conqueror (1028-1087), Duke of Normandy, King of England
Exuperius, (end of 4th century– died c. 410) Archbishop of Toulouse.
Alfred-Georges Regner 1902-1987, painter-engraver
International relations
Bayeux is twinned with:[9]
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See also
- Communes of the Calvados department
- Bayeux, Brazil
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux
References
^ fr:Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994.
^ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue Gauloise, éditions errance 2003.
^ Laeti Suevorum, noted in Jean Roemer, Origins of the English People and the English Language, p. 207 note 2.
^ Benoît, Chronique: "Mais a Baiues en a tanz/ Qui ne sevent si daneis non."
^ "The French town of Bayeux and Reporters Without Borders inaugurate a journalists memorial on the eve of World Freedom Day". Reporters Without Borders. 2007-05-03. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2013-02-10..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ fr:Bayeux
^ World Book Encyclopedia, p. 177, World Book Inc.
^ Cathedral of Bayeux: France Tourism Summaries
^ abcdefg "National Commission for Decentralised cooperation". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
^ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
^ Dorchester Town Twinning
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bayeux. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bayeux. |
- Official Web site
- Tourist office Web site
- Minosh Photography
- Satellite photo on Google Maps
- British War Cemetery
Near the Centre Guillaume le Conquérant
Streets of Bayeux
Main entrance to Bayeux War Cemetery
The Cross of Sacrifice in cemetery
Liberation memorial plaque in Bayeux