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In chemistry, a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to identify, quantify, or characterise a chemical compound or chemical group.

Purposes

Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as:

• Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met


• Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept
  


• Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent
  


• Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances


• Determine the composition of a sample


• Provide standard data for other scientific, medical, and Quality assurance functions


• Validate suitability for end-use


• Provide a basis for Technical communication
  


• Provide a technical means of comparison of several options


• Provide evidence in legal proceedings

Biochemical tests

• 
  Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine
  


• The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of blood
  


• 
  Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.


• The Phadebas test tests for the presence of saliva for forensic purposes


• 
  Iodine solution tests for starch
  


• The Van Slyke determination tests for specific amino acids
  


• The Zimmermann test for Ketosteroids


• 
  Seliwanoff's test for differentiating between aldose and ketose sugars


• Test for lipids: add ethanol to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white.


• 
  Sakaguchi test for the presence of arginine in protein


• 
  Hopkins Cole reaction for the presence of tryptophan in proteins


• 
  Nitroprusside reaction for the presence of free thiol groups of cysteine in proteins


• 
  Sullivan reaction for the presence of cysteine and cystine in proteins


• 
  Acree-Rosenheim reaction for the presence of tryptophan in proteins


• 
  Pauly reaction for presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins


• 
  Heller's test for presence of albumin in urine
  


• 
  Gmelin's test for the presence of bile pigments in urine


• 
  Hay's test for the presence of bile pigments in urine

Reducing sugars

• 
  Barfoed's test tests for reducing polysaccharides or disaccharides
  


• 
  Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes
  


• 
  Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent
  


• 
  Molisch's test for carbohydrates


• 
  Nylander's test for reducing sugars


• 
  Rapid furfural test to distinguish between glucose and fructose
  

Proteins and polypeptides

• The Bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins
  


• 
  Biuret reagent tests for proteins and polypeptides
  


• 
  Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitative


• The Phadebas Amylase Test determines alpha-amylase activity

Organic tests

• The Carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines
  


• The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds


• The Iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones


• The Schiff test detects aldehydes
  


• 
  Tollens' reagent (Silver Mirror) tests for aldehydes
  


• The Zeisel determination tests for the presence of esters or ethers
  


• 
  Lucas' reagent is used to determine mainly between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.


• The Bromine test is used to test for the presence of unsaturation and phenols.

Inorganic tests

• 
  Barium chloride tests for sulfates
  


• The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively


• 
  Borax bead test tests for certain metals
  


• The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively.^[1]
  


• 
  Chemical test for cyanide tests for the presence of cyanide, CN⁻
  


• 
  Copper sulfate tests for presence of water


• 
  Flame tests test for metals
  


• The Gilman test tests for the presence of a Grignard reagent
  


• The Kjeldahl method quantitatively determines the presence of nitrogen
  


• 
  Nessler's reagent tests for the presence of ammonia
  


• 
  Ninhydrin tests for ammonia or primary amines
  


• 
  Phosphate test for phosphate
  


• The sodium fusion test tests for the presence of nitrogen, sulfur, and halides in a sample


• The Zerewitinoff determination tests for any acidic hydrogen


• The Oddy test for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides


• 
  Gunzberg's test tests for the presence of hydrochloric acid
  


• 
  Kelling's test tests for the presence of lactic acid
  

See also

• Independent test organization


• Medical test


• Test method

References