Chemical test




In chemistry, a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to identify, quantify, or characterise a chemical compound or chemical group.




Contents






  • 1 Purposes


  • 2 Biochemical tests


    • 2.1 Reducing sugars


    • 2.2 Proteins and polypeptides




  • 3 Organic tests


  • 4 Inorganic tests


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References





Purposes


Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as:



  • Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met

  • Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept

  • Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent

  • Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances

  • Determine the composition of a sample

  • Provide standard data for other scientific, medical, and Quality assurance functions

  • Validate suitability for end-use

  • Provide a basis for Technical communication

  • Provide a technical means of comparison of several options

  • Provide evidence in legal proceedings





Biochemical tests




  • Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine

  • The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of blood


  • Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.

  • The Phadebas test tests for the presence of saliva for forensic purposes


  • Iodine solution tests for starch

  • The Van Slyke determination tests for specific amino acids

  • The Zimmermann test for Ketosteroids


  • Seliwanoff's test for differentiating between aldose and ketose sugars

  • Test for lipids: add ethanol to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white.


  • Sakaguchi test for the presence of arginine in protein


  • Hopkins Cole reaction for the presence of tryptophan in proteins


  • Nitroprusside reaction for the presence of free thiol groups of cysteine in proteins


  • Sullivan reaction for the presence of cysteine and cystine in proteins


  • Acree-Rosenheim reaction for the presence of tryptophan in proteins


  • Pauly reaction for presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins


  • Heller's test for presence of albumin in urine


  • Gmelin's test for the presence of bile pigments in urine


  • Hay's test for the presence of bile pigments in urine



Reducing sugars


Main article: Reducing sugar



  • Barfoed's test tests for reducing polysaccharides or disaccharides


  • Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes


  • Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent


  • Molisch's test for carbohydrates


  • Nylander's test for reducing sugars


  • Rapid furfural test to distinguish between glucose and fructose



Proteins and polypeptides



  • The Bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins


  • Biuret reagent tests for proteins and polypeptides


  • Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitative

  • The Phadebas Amylase Test determines alpha-amylase activity



Organic tests



  • The Carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines

  • The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds

  • The Iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones

  • The Schiff test detects aldehydes


  • Tollens' reagent (Silver Mirror) tests for aldehydes

  • The Zeisel determination tests for the presence of esters or ethers


  • Lucas' reagent is used to determine mainly between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.

  • The Bromine test is used to test for the presence of unsaturation and phenols.



Inorganic tests




  • Barium chloride tests for sulfates

  • The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively


  • Borax bead test tests for certain metals

  • The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively.[1]


  • Chemical test for cyanide tests for the presence of cyanide, CN−


  • Copper sulfate tests for presence of water


  • Flame tests test for metals

  • The Gilman test tests for the presence of a Grignard reagent

  • The Kjeldahl method quantitatively determines the presence of nitrogen


  • Nessler's reagent tests for the presence of ammonia


  • Ninhydrin tests for ammonia or primary amines


  • Phosphate test for phosphate

  • The sodium fusion test tests for the presence of nitrogen, sulfur, and halides in a sample

  • The Zerewitinoff determination tests for any acidic hydrogen

  • The Oddy test for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides


  • Gunzberg's test tests for the presence of hydrochloric acid


  • Kelling's test tests for the presence of lactic acid



See also



  • Independent test organization

  • Medical test

  • Test method



References




  1. ^ Niederl, J. B.; Baum, H.; McCoy, J. S.; Kuck, J. A. (1940). "Micro-Carius Halogen and Sulfur Determination". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition. 12 (7): 428–431. doi:10.1021/ac50147a022. ISSN 0096-4484..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}







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