Egftnjytyk

Joycelyn Elders
15th Surgeon General of the United States
In office September 8, 1993 – December 31, 1994
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	Robert A. Whitney (acting)
Succeeded by	Audrey F. Manley (acting)
Personal details
Born	Minnie Lee Jones (1933-08-13) August 13, 1933 (age 85) Schaal, Arkansas, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Military service
Service/branch	Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, United States Army
Years of service	USA: 1953–1956
Rank	USPHS: Vice Admiral

Minnie Joycelyn Elders (born Minnie Lee Jones; August 13, 1933) is an American pediatrician and public health administrator. She was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and the first African American appointed as Surgeon General of the United States. Elders is best known for her frank discussion of her views on controversial issues such as drug legalization, masturbation and distributing contraception in schools.^[1] She was forced to resign in December 1994 amidst controversy as a result of her views. She is currently a professor emerita of pediatrics at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.

Early life and education

Elders was born Minnie Lee Jones in Schaal, Arkansas,^[2] to a poor farm sharecropping family, and was the eldest of eight children, and valedictorian of her school class.^[3] The family also spent two years near a defense plant in Richmond, California. In college, she changed her name to Minnie Joycelyn Lee. In 1952, she received her B.S. degree in Biology from Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Arkansas, where she also pledged Delta Sigma Theta. After working as a nurse's aide in a Veterans Administration hospital in Milwaukee for a period,^{[citation needed]} she joined the United States Army in May 1953. During her 3 years in the Army, she was trained as a physical therapist. She then attended the University of Arkansas Medical School, where she obtained her M.D. degree in 1960. After completing an internship at the University of Minnesota Hospital and a residency in pediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center, Elders earned an M.S. in Biochemistry in 1967.

Director of Arkansas Department of Health

In 1987, then-governor Bill Clinton appointed Elders as Director of the Arkansas Department of Health, making her the first African American woman in the state to hold this position. Some of her major accomplishments while in office include reducing the teen pregnancy rate by increasing the availability of birth control, counseling, and sex education at school-based clinics; a tenfold increase in early childhood screenings from 1988 to 1992 and a 24 percent rise in the immunization rate for two-year-olds; and expanded the availability of HIV testing and counseling services, breast cancer screenings, and better hospice care for the elderly and patients that were. She also worked hard to promote the importance of sex education, proper hygiene, and prevention of substance abuse in public schools. In 1992, she was elected President of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers.^[4]

Experiences with racism

Even though Elders was a pediatric endocrinologist and a professor at one of the nation's top medical schools, she was not immune from racism in the workplace. "Some people in the American Medical Association, a certain group of them, didn't even know that I was a physician. And they were passing a resolution to say that from now on every Surgeon General must be a physician--which was a knock at me. ... They don't expect a black female to have accomplished what I have and to have done the things that I have."^[5]

During an interview, she was asked if she related to Shirley Chisholm's statement about feeling more oppressed as a woman than as an African American, she replied saying, "I am who I am because I'm a black woman".^[6] Elders was able to be the voice for the African American community and speak on poverty and its role in teenage pregnancy, which is a major issue within the community. Poor African American teenage mothers are "captive to a slavery the 13th Amendment did not anticipate'',^[7] which is a major reason why she stressed the importance of teaching sex education in public schools.

Views on sex education

As an endocrinologist, Elders was especially concerned with young diabetic women getting pregnant. If young teen women who have diabetes get pregnant, they have a high chance of their bodies rejecting the fetus or the fetus developing abnormalities in utero. To prevent these pregnancies from happening, she thoroughly talked to her patients about the dangers of early pregnancy and the importance of using contraceptives, and taking control of their sexuality as soon as they began puberty. Of the approximately 260 young diabetic women she treated, only one of them became pregnant.^[4][8]

Sex education for young African American women

Elders strongly advocated sex and reproductive education, especially in African American communities. She criticized older textbooks^[which?] that said only white females had naturally regular periods, because white females were on birth control to regulate their periods. Black females did not readily seek out birth control because their "[black] ministers were up on the pulpit saying the birth control pills were black genocide". She was very vocal about her disgust with black men exploiting black women and stripping them of their reproductive health choices, because "If you can't control your reproduction, you can't control your life".^[9]

Surgeon General of the United States

Elders has received a National Institutes of Health career development award, also serving as assistant professor in pediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center from 1967. She was promoted to associate professor in 1971 and professor in 1976. Her research interests focused on endocrinology, and she received board certification as a pediatric endocrinologist in 1978, becoming the first person in the state of Arkansas to do so.^[3] Elders received a D.Sc. degree from Bates College in 2002.

In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed her as the United States Surgeon General, making her the first African American and the second woman (following Antonia Novello) to hold the position. She was a controversial choice and a strong backer of the Clinton health care plan, so she was not confirmed until September 7, 1993. As Surgeon General, Elders quickly established a reputation for being controversial. Like many of the Surgeons General before her, she was an outspoken advocate of a variety of health-related causes. She argued for an exploration of the possibility of drug legalization, and backed the distribution of contraceptives in schools. President Clinton stood by Elders, saying that she was misunderstood.^[1]

Views on drug legalization

Elders drew fire, as well as censure from the Clinton administration, when she suggested that legalizing drugs might help reduce crime and that the idea should be studied. On December 15, 1993, around one week after making these comments, charges were filed against her son Kevin, for selling cocaine in an incident involving undercover officers, four months prior. Elders believes the incident was a frame-up and the timing of the charges was designed to embarrass her and the president.^[10] Kevin Elders was convicted, and he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, of which he served four months.^[11][12] He appealed his conviction to the Arkansas Supreme Court, and that court reaffirmed the conviction. The court held that Mr. Elders failed to show that he was entrapped into making the narcotics sale.^[13] There was no further appeal.

Comments on human sexuality and abortion

In 1994, she was invited to speak at a United Nations conference on AIDS. She was asked whether it would be appropriate to promote masturbation as a means of preventing young people from engaging in riskier forms of sexual activity, and she replied, "I think that it is part of human sexuality, and perhaps it should be taught".^[14] This remark caused great controversy and resulted in Elders losing the support of the White House. White House chief of staff Leon Panetta remarked, "There have been too many areas where the President does not agree with her views. This is just one too many".^[1] In December 1994, Elders was forced to resign by President Clinton.^[1][15][16] This historic incident is explored further in a documentary on masturbation called Sticky: A (Self) Love Story, in which Elders talks about her experience being asked to resign in an on camera interview conducted by writer/director/producer Nicholas Tana and was referenced in a Newsweek article.^[17]

Elders has since made a number of other statements that put her in the public spotlight, like her quote in January 1994 in the context of abortion: "We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children".^[9]

A collection of her professional papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.^[18]

Post-governmental activities

Since leaving her post as Surgeon General, Elders has returned to the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences as professor of pediatrics, and is currently professor emerita at UAMS.^[19] She is a regular on the lecture circuit, speaking against teen pregnancy. She has appeared on TV in Penn and Teller: Bullshit! during the episode on abstinence, where she says that she considers abstinence-only programs to be child abuse and discusses her opinions on teenage sex education, masturbation and contraceptives. She is interviewed in the 2013 documentary How to Lose Your Virginity on her opinions regarding comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education.^[20]

Elders wrote a book^[21] in an attempt to present her side of the controversies that surrounded her during her 16-month tenure as Surgeon General.

In an October 15, 2010 article she clearly voiced support for legalization of marijuana:^[22]

I think we consume far more dangerous drugs that are legal: cigarette smoking, nicotine and alcohol ... I feel they cause much more devastating effects physically. We need to lift the prohibition on marijuana.

She received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1991.^[6]

Elders is also on the advisory board to Ro, an end-to-end service for chronic health conditions. Ro handles everything from online diagnosis to the convenient delivery of treatment. Elders is an advisor to Roman, Ro's vertical for men's health and Zero, Ro's vertical for fighting addiction. She joins the advisory board with Karen Tandy (previous Head of the DEA), Dr. Peter Schlegel, Dr. Matthew Fink, and Dr. Steven Lamm.

References

• 
  Joycelyn Elders, M.D. by Dr. Joycelyn Elders and David Chanoff. Another Surgeon General's autobiography.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joycelyn Elders

• 
  Office of Public Health and Science (4 January 2007). "M. Joycelyn Elders (1993–1994)". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  


• 
  Joycelyn Elders's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project


• 
  Video of Joycelyn Elders, from the AETN documentary on her