Nonchord tone






<br /> {<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> tempo "Allegro moderato"<br /> clef treble key c major time 6/8<br /> voiceOne g8( c b^markup { p } a d c^markup { p } acciaccatura { c } b a^markup { n } b c4 e8)<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> voiceTwo e4.p f~ f e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 6/8<br /> <c g'>4. <c g'>~->_markup { center-align { ped } } <c g'>_markup { center-align { ped } } <c g'> <br /> }<br /> >><br /> >> }<br />


Nonchord tones in Schumann's "Reaper's Song", Op. 68, No. 18: two passing tones (p), one neighbor tone (n), and a pedal point (ped).[1]


A nonchord tone (NCT), nonharmonic tone, or embellishing tone is a note in a piece of music or song that is not part of the implied or expressed chord set out by the harmonic framework. In contrast, a chord tone is a note that is a part of the functional chord (see: factor (chord)). Nonchord tones are most often discussed in the context of the common practice period of classical music, but they can be used in the analysis of other types of tonal music as well, such as Western popular music.


Nonchord tones are often categorized as accented nonchord tones and unaccented nonchord tones depending on whether the dissonance occurs on an accented or unaccented beat (or part of a beat).


Over time, some musical styles assimilated chord types outside of the common-practice style. In these chords, tones that might normally be considered nonchord tones are viewed as chord tones, such as the seventh of a minor seventh chord. For example, in 1940s-era bebop jazz, playing an F♯ with a C 7 chord, woud be considered a chord tones if the chord were analyzed as C7(♯11). In European classical music, "[t]he greater use of dissonance from period to period as a result of the dialectic of linear/vertical forces led to gradual normalization of ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords [in analysis and theory]; each additional non-chord tone above the foundational triad became frozen into the chordal mass."[2]




Contents






  • 1 Theory


  • 2 Unaccented


    • 2.1 Anticipation


    • 2.2 Neighbor tone


    • 2.3 Escape tone


    • 2.4 Passing tone




  • 3 Accented


    • 3.1 Passing tone


    • 3.2 Neighbor tone


    • 3.3 Suspension and retardation


    • 3.4 Appoggiatura


    • 3.5 Nonharmonic bass




  • 4 Involving more than three notes


    • 4.1 Changing tones


    • 4.2 Pedal point




  • 5 Chromatic nonharmonic tone


  • 6 See also


  • 7 Sources


  • 8 External links





Theory




<br /> { << new StaffGroup <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"<br /> clef treble time 4/2<br /> relative c'' {<br /> clef treble time 4/2<br /> b2 c1 bes2 a1 g2 a<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"<br /> clef treble time 4/2<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> r2 e f g~ g ^markup { center-align { " prep. sus. res." } } f e d4 e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br /> >> }<br />


A 2-3 suspension in Lassus's Beatus vir in sapientia, mm. 23–24, showing the preparation, suspension (a type of nonchord tone), and resolution.


Chord and nonchord tones are defined by their membership (or lack of membership) in a chord: "The pitches which make up a chord are called chord-tones: any other pitches are called non-chord-tones."[3] They are also defined by the time at which they sound: "Nonharmonic tones are pitches that sound along with a chord but are not chord pitches."[4] For example, if an excerpt from a piece of music implies or uses a C-major chord, then the notes C, E and G are members of that chord, while any other note played at that time (e.g., notes such as F♯) is a nonchord tone. Such tones are most obvious in homophonic music but occur at least as frequently in contrapuntal music.


According to Music in Theory and Practice, "Most nonharmonic tones are dissonant and create intervals of a second, fourth or seventh",[4] which are required to resolve to a chord tone in conventional ways. If the note fails to resolve until the next change of harmony, it may instead create a seventh chord or extended chord. While theoretically in a three-note chord, there are nine possible nonchord tones in equal temperament, in practice nonchord tones are usually in the prevailing key. Augmented and diminished intervals are also considered dissonant, and all nonharmonic tones are measured from the bass note, or lowest note sounding in the chord except in the case of nonharmonic bass tones.[4]


Nonharmonic tones generally occur in a pattern of three pitches, of which the nonharmonic tone is the center:[4]

















Chord tone – Nonchord tone – Chord tone
Preparation – Dissonance –
Resolution

Nonchord tones are categorized by how they are used. The most important distinction is whether they occur on a strong or weak beat and are thus either accented or unaccented nonchord tones.[4] They are also distinguished by their direction of approach and departure and the voice or voices in which they occur and the number of notes they contain.



Unaccented



Anticipation


An anticipation (ANT) occurs when this note is approached by step and then remains the same. It is basically a note of the second chord played early. In the example below, the dissonant B in bar 1 is approached by step and resolves when that same pitch becomes a chord tone in bar 2.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> c4 once override NoteHead.color = #red b b2<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown<br /> e2 d<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>2 g' bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />


A portamento is the late Renaissance precursor to the anticipation,[5] though today it refers to a glissando.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/2<br /> partial2 d2~ d c4 d e f g e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/2<br /> partial2 b2~ b4 once override NoteHead.color = #red a a2 g e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Neighbor tone


A neighbor tone (NT) or auxiliary note (AUX) is a nonchord tone that passes stepwise from a chord tone directly above or below it (which frequently causes the NT to create dissonance with the chord) and resolves to the same chord tone:



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp c4 once override NoteHead.color = #red d c2<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown e2 e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>2 <c g'> bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />


In practice and analysis, neighboring tones are sometimes differentiated depending upon whether or not they are lower or higher than the chord tones surrounding them. A neighboring tone that is a step higher than the surrounding chord tones is called an upper neighboring tone or an upper auxiliary note while a neighboring tone that is a step lower than the surrounding chord tones is a lower neighboring tone or lower auxiliary note. However, following Heinrich Schenker's usage in Free Composition, some authors reserve the term "neighbor note" to the lower neighbor a half step below the main note.[6]


The German term Nebennote is a somewhat broader category, including all nonchord tones approached from the main note by step.[6]



Escape tone


An escape tone (ET) or echappée is a particular type of unaccented incomplete neighbor tone that is approached stepwise from a chord tone and resolved by a skip in the opposite direction back to the harmony.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> c4 once override NoteHead.color = #red d b2<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown<br /> e2 d<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>2 g' bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Passing tone


A passing tone (PT) or passing note is a nonchord tone prepared by a chord tone a step above or below it and resolved by continuing in the same direction stepwise to the next chord tone (which is either part of the same chord or of the next chord in the harmonic progression).



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp c4 once override NoteHead.color = #red d e2<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown e2 e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>2 <c g'> bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />


Where two nonchord tones are before the resolution they are double passing tones or double passing notes.



Accented



Passing tone


As with above but on an accented beat.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp g1 once override NoteHead.color = #red f2 e<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown e1 c<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>1 <c g'> bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Neighbor tone


A neighbor tone where you step up or down from the chord tone, and then move back to the chord tone.[7]



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp g1 once override NoteHead.color = #red a2 g<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown e1 e<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>1 <c g'> bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Suspension and retardation




.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

Endeavor, moreover, to introduce suspensions now in this voice, now in that, for it is incredible how much grace the melody acquires by this means. And every note which has a special function is rendered audible thereby.


— Johann Joseph Fux (1725)[8]


A suspension (SUS) (sometimes referred to as a syncope[9]) occurs when the harmony shifts from one chord to another, but one or more notes of the first chord (the preparation) are either temporarily held over into or are played again against the second chord (against which they are nonchord tones called the suspension) before resolving downwards to a chord tone by step (the resolution). The whole process is called a suspension as well as the specific nonchord tone(s).


Suspensions may be further described with two numbers: (1) the interval between the suspended note and the bass note and (2) the interval between the resolution and the bass note. The most common suspensions are 4-3 suspension, 7-6 suspension, or 9-8 suspension. Note that except for the 9-8 suspensions, the numbers are typically referred to using the simple intervals, so for instance, if intervals are actually an 11th and a 10th (the first example below), you would typically call it a 4-3 suspension. If the bass note is suspended, then the interval is calculated between the bass and the part that is most dissonant with it, often resulting in a 2-3 suspension.[10]



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> c1^~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c2^markup { " 4 - 3" } b2<br /> c1^~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c2^markup { " 7 - 6" } b2<br /> c1^~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c2^markup { " 9 - 8" } b2<br /> c1 d^markup { " 2 - 3" } <br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown<br /> e1 d<br /> e d<br /> e d<br /> e d<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp g1 s<br /> g f<br /> g g<br /> g g<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> stemDown c1 g' bar "||"<br /> c, d bar "||"<br /> c b bar "||"<br /> c_~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c2 b bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />


Suspensions must resolve downwards. If a tied note is prepared like a suspension but resolves upwards, it is called a retardation. Common retardations include 2-3 and 7-8 retardations.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> c1^~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c2^markup { " 2 - 3" } d2<br /> c1^~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c2^markup { " 7 - 8" } d2<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown<br /> e1 d<br /> e d<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <c g'>1 <b g'> bar "||"<br /> <c g'> <d f> bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />


Decorated suspensions are common and consist of portamentos or double eighth notes, the second being a lower neighbor tone.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> c1^~ once override NoteHead.color = #red c4 b8 a b2 <br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown e1 d<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp g1 s<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> stemDown c1 g' bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />


A chain of suspensions constitutes the fourth species of counterpoint; an example may be found in the second movement of Arcangelo Corelli's Christmas Concerto.



<br /> { <br /> << new StaffGroup <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> tempo Allegro<br /> set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln. I"<br /> relative c''' {<br /> clef treble key g minor time 4/4<br /> g2 a<br /> bes4 g2 fis4<br /> g4 bes2 a4<br /> bes2 c<br /> d4 bes2 a4~<br /> a g2 fis4<br /> g4. a8 fis d g4~<br /> g fis g<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln. II"<br /> relative c''' {<br /> clef treble key g minor time 4/4<br /> r4 g2 fis4<br /> g2 a<br /> bes c<br /> d4 bes2 a4<br /> r d c2<br /> bes2 a4 d,~<br /> d8 g, c2 bes4<br /> a2 g4<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c' {<br /> set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vcl."<br /> clef bass key g minor time 4/4<br /> r8 g bes g c a d d,<br /> g g, bes g c a d d,<br /> g bes' d bes es c f f,<br /> bes bes, d bes es c f f,<br /> bes bes' d bes e, c' fis, d'<br /> g, a bes c d c d d,<br /> es d es c d fis g bes,<br /> c a d d, g r<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br /> >> }<br />



Appoggiatura


An appoggiatura (APP) is a type of accented incomplete neighbor tone approached skip-wise from one chord tone and resolved stepwise to another chord tone ("overshooting" the chord tone).



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> g1 once override NoteHead.color = #red c2 b<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> stemDown<br /> e1 d<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> stemUp g1 s<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> stemDown c1 g' bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Nonharmonic bass


Nonharmonic bass notes are bass notes that are not a member of the chord below which they are written. Examples include the Elektra chord.[11] An example of a nonharmonic bass from the third movement of Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms.[12]



<br /> { override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c' {<br /> stemUp clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> <f a f' c'>1<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c, {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> ottava #-1 once override NoteHead.color = #red <bes bes'>1<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br /> }<br />



Involving more than three notes



Changing tones


Changing tones (CT) are two successive nonharmonic tones. A chord tone steps to a nonchord tone which skips to another nonchord tone which leads by step to a chord tone, often the same chord tone. They may imply neighboring tones with a missing or implied note in the middle. Also called double neighboring tones or neighbor group.[4]



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> voiceOne c2 override NoteHead.color = #red b4 d override NoteHead.color = #black c1<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> voiceTwo a1 g<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> <f c'>1 <e c'> bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Pedal point


Another form of nonchord tone is a pedal point or pedal tone (PD) or note, almost always the tonic or dominant, which is held through a series of chord changes. The pedal point is almost always in the lowest voice (the term originates from organ playing), but it may be in an upper voice; then it may be called an inverted pedal. It may also be between the upper and lower voices, in which case it is called an internal pedal.



<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c' {<br /> clef treble key c major time 4/4<br /> <d g b>2 <d f b> <c e c'> <cis e bes'> <d fis a> <es fis c'> <d g c> <d f b><br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> relative c {<br /> clef bass key c major time 4/4<br /> override NoteHead.color = #red g1~ g~ g~ g bar "||"<br /> }<br /> >><br /> >><br />



Chromatic nonharmonic tone


A chromatic nonharmonic tone is a nonharmonic tone that is chromatic, or outside of the key and creates half-step motion. The use of which, especially chromatic appoggiaturas and chromatic passing tones, increased in the Romantic Period.[13] The example below shows chromatic nonharmonic tones (in red) in the first four measures of Frédéric Chopin's Prelude No. 21, op. 28.[13]



<br /> {<br /> new PianoStaff <<<br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c'' {<br /> tempo "Cantabile"<br /> clef treble key bes major time 3/4<br /> override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2.5<br /> f2.p( d2 acciaccatura { f8 } es4 d2. g,2.)<br /> }<br /> >><br /> new Staff <<<br /> new Voice relative c {<br /> clef bass key bes major time 3/4<br /> override NoteHead.color = #red hide Stem s4 e8 s4.<br /> s4 e8 s4.<br /> s4 fis8 b s4<br /> s4 fis8 b s4<br /> }<br /> new Voice relative c, {<br /> clef bass key bes major time 3/4<br /> bes8<sustainOn_[ f''^( <e g>sustainOff <es a> <d bes'> <c c'>]! <br /> bes8<sustainOn_[) <f' d'>^( <e g>sustainOff <es a> <d bes'> bes]!<br /> es,8<sustainOn_[) g'^( <fis a>sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <d d'>]! <br /> c8<sustainOn_[) <g' es'>^( <fis a>sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <c es'>])! <br /> }<br /> >><br /> >> }<br />



See also



  • Ornament

  • Non-harmonic arpeggio



Sources





  1. ^ Kostka, Stefan; Payne, Dorothy (2004). Tonal Harmony (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 189. ISBN 0072852607. OCLC 51613969..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Debussy and the Crisis of Tonality", p.72. Author(s): Roland Nadeau. Source: Music Educators Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, (Sep., 1979), pp. 69-73. Published by: MENC: The National Association for Music Education.


  3. ^ Kroepel, Bob (1993). Mel Bay Creative Keyboard's Deluxe Encyclopedia of Piano Chords: A Complete Study of Chords and How to Use Them, p.8.
    ISBN 978-0-87166-579-9. Emphasis original.


  4. ^ abcdef Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.92. Seventh Edition.
    ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.


  5. ^ Benward & Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice, Vol. II, p.8.
    ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.


  6. ^ ab William Drabkin. "Non-harmonic note". In Deane L. Root. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
    (subscription required)


  7. ^ "Nonharmonic Tones".


  8. ^ Forte (1979), p.304.


  9. ^ Jonas (1982), p.96.


  10. ^ Kostka, Stefan; Payne, Dorothy (2004). Tonal Harmony (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 172. ISBN 0072852607. OCLC 51613969.


  11. ^ Lawrence Kramer. "Fin-de-siècle Fantasies: Elektra, Degeneration and Sexual Science", Cambridge Opera Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2. (Jul., 1993), pp. 141-165.


  12. ^ Andriessen, Louis & Schönberger, Elmer (2006). The Apollonian Clockwork: On Stravinsky. Amsterdam University Press.
    ISBN 9789053568569.


  13. ^ ab Benward & Saker (2009), p.217-18.




External links



  • Media related to Nonchord tones at Wikimedia Commons








-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun

圖片
12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun Type 89 gun mounted on Chitose Type Naval gun anti-aircraft gun Place of origin Japan Service history In service 1932–45 Used by Imperial Japanese Navy Wars World War II Production history Designed 1928–32 Produced 1932–45 No.  built ~1500 Variants Type 88 Specifications Mass 3,100 kilograms (6,834 lb) Barrel length 5,080 millimeters (16 ft 8 in) (bore length) Shell Fixed Shell weight 20.9–23.45 kilograms (46.1–51.7 lb) Caliber 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Breech horizontal breech block Elevation -8° to +90° [1] Rate of fire 8-14 rounds per minute Muzzle velocity 720–725 meters per second (2,360–2,380 ft/s) Maximum firing range 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at 90° (AA ceiling) 14,800 meters (48,600 ft) at 45° The 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA
閱讀完整內容

Shark

圖片
For other uses, see Shark (disambiguation). Sharks Temporal range: Ludfordian-Present, 425–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N [1] Clockwise from top left: spiny dogfish, Japanese sawshark, whale shark, great white shark, horn shark, frilled shark, scalloped hammerhead and Australian angelshark representing the orders Squaliformes, Pristiophoriformes, Orectolobiformes, Lamniformes, Heterodontiformes, Hexanchiformes, Carcharhiniformes and Squatiniformes respectively. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Infraclass: Euselachii Superorder: Selachimorpha Orders Carcharhiniformes Heterodontiformes Hexanchiformes Lamniformes Orectolobiformes Pristiophoriformes Squaliformes Squatiniformes † Cladoselachiformes † Hybodontiformes † Symmoriida † Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes) † Elegestolepis † = extinct Synonyms Pleurotremata Sharks
閱讀完整內容

Wiciokrzew

圖片
Wiciokrzew, suchodrzew Morfologia (wiciokrzew pospolity) Systematyka [1] Domena eukarionty Królestwo rośliny Klad rośliny naczyniowe Klad rośliny nasienne Klasa okrytonasienne Klad astrowe Rząd szczeciowce Rodzina przewiertniowate Rodzaj wiciokrzew Nazwa systematyczna Lonicera L. Sp. Pl. 173. 1 Mai 1753 Typ nomenklatoryczny Lonicera caprifolium L. [2] Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Hasło w Wikisłowniku Kwiaty suchodrzewu pospolitego Owoce suchodrzewu pospolitego Kwiaty wiciokrzewu pomorskiego Kwiaty wiciokrzewu przewiercienia Wiciokrzew , suchodrzew ( Lonicera L.) – rodzaj roślin wieloletnich należący do rodziny przewiertniowatych ( Caprifoliaceae ). Rośliny zielne i pnące nazywane są wiciokrzewami, natomiast krzewy i niewielkie drzewa – suchodrzewami. Rodzaj liczy około 180 gatunków szeroko rozprzestrzenionych na całej półkuli północnej [3] [4]
閱讀完整內容