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Aerial view of many of the colleges of the University of Oxford

The University of Oxford has 38 Colleges and six Permanent Private Halls (PPHs) of religious foundation. Colleges and PPHs are autonomous self-governing corporations within the university, and all teaching staff and students studying for a degree at the university must belong to one of the colleges or PPHs. These colleges are not only houses of residence, but have substantial responsibility for teaching undergraduate students. Generally tutorials (one of the main methods of teaching in Oxford) and classes are the responsibility of colleges, while lectures, examinations, laboratories, and the central library are run by the university. Most colleges take both graduates and undergraduates, but several are for graduates only.

Undergraduate and graduate students may name preferred colleges in their applications. For undergraduate students, an increasing number of departments practise reallocation to ensure that the ratios between potential students and subject places available at each college are as uniform as possible. For the Department of Physics, reallocation is done on a random basis after a shortlist of candidates is drawn upon and before candidates are invited for interviews at the university.^[1]

For graduate students, many colleges express a preference for candidates who plan to undertake research in an area of interest of one of its fellows. St Hugh's College, for example, states that it accepts graduate students in most subjects, principally those in the fields of interest of the Fellows of the college.^[2]

A typical college consists of a hall for dining, a chapel, a library, a college bar, senior, middle (postgraduate), and junior common rooms, rooms for 200–400 undergraduates as well as lodgings for the head of the college and other dons. College buildings range from the medieval to modern buildings, but most are made up of interlinked quadrangles (courtyards), with a lodge controlling entry from the outside.

2008 saw the first modern merger of colleges, with Green College and Templeton College merging to form Green Templeton College.^[3] This reduced the number of Colleges of the University from 39 to 38.^[4] The number of PPHs also reduced in 2008, when Greyfriars closed down.^[5]

Brasenose College in the 1670s

History

The collegiate system arose because Oxford University came into existence through the gradual agglomeration of numerous independent institutions. Over the centuries several different types of college have emerged and disappeared.

Monastic Halls

The first academic houses were monastic halls. Of the dozens established during the 12th–15th centuries, none survived the Reformation. The modern Dominican permanent private hall of Blackfriars (1921) is a descendant of the original (1221), and is sometimes described as heir to the oldest tradition of teaching in Oxford.

Medieval Halls

As the university took shape, friction between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls. What eventually put an end to the medieval halls was the emergence of colleges. Often generously endowed and with permanent teaching staff, the colleges were originally the preserve of graduate students. However, once they began accepting fee-paying undergraduates in the 14th century, the halls' days were numbered. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses (from the Latin for "hall") that sprang up, only St Edmund Hall (c. 1225) remains.

Colleges

The oldest colleges are University College, Balliol, and Merton, established between 1249 and 1264, although there is some dispute over the exact order and precisely when each began teaching. The fourth oldest college is Exeter, founded in 1314, and the fifth is Oriel, founded in 1326. The most recent new foundation is Kellogg College (1990), whilst the most recent overall is Green Templeton College (a merger of two existing colleges in 2008).

Women's colleges

Women entered the university in 1879, with the opening of Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville College, becoming members of the University (and thus eligible to receive degrees) in 1920. Other women's colleges before integration were St Anne's, St Hilda's and St Hugh's. In 1974 the first men's colleges to admit women were Brasenose, Hertford, Jesus College, St Catherine's and Wadham.^[6] By 2008 all colleges had become co-residential, although one of the Permanent Private Halls, St Benet's Hall, did not start to admit postgraduate women until Michaelmas term 2014 and women undergraduates until Michaelmas 2016.

Postgraduate and mature colleges

Some colleges, such as Kellogg, Linacre, Nuffield, St Antony's, St Cross and Wolfson only admit postgraduate students. All Souls admits only Fellows. Harris Manchester is intended for "mature students" with a minimum age of 21.^[7] In 2018 it was announced that a new, non-residential, graduate college of the University would be established using the premises of the Radcliffe Science Library, opening in 2020.^[8]

Societies

Kellogg and St Cross are the only Oxford colleges without a royal charter. They are officially societies of the university rather than independent colleges^[9] and both are considered departments of the university for accounting purposes.^[10]

Private halls

The Oxford University Act 1854 and the university statute De aulis privatis (On private Halls) of 1855, allowed any Master of Arts aged at least 28 years to open a private hall after obtaining a licence to do so.^[11] One such was Charsley's Hall.^[12]

Permanent private halls

The Universities Tests Act 1871 opened all university degrees and positions to men who were not members of the Church of England (subject to safeguards for religious instruction and worship), which made it possible for Catholics and Non-conformists to open private halls. The first Catholic private halls were Clarke's Hall (now Campion Hall), opened by the Jesuit Order in 1896 and Hunter Blair's Hall (now St Benet's Hall) opened by the Benedictine Order in 1899.^[13][14]
In 1918 the university passed a statute to allow private halls which were not run for profit to become permanent private halls and the two halls took their current names.^[13]

Map

Map of the University of Oxford

St Anne's College Balliol College Christ Church College The Queen's College Worcester College Oriel College Corpus Christi College St Antony's College St Hugh's College Somerville College St John's College New College St Catherine's College Magdalen College All Souls College Brasenose College Exeter College Green Templeton College Harris Manchester College Hertford College Jesus College Keble College Kellogg College Lady Margaret Hall Linacre College Lincoln College Mansfield College Merton College Nuffield College Pembroke College St Cross College St Edmund Hall St Hilda's College St Peter's College Trinity College University College Wadham College Wolfson College Wolfson College Wolfson College is on Linton Road, 580m from this arrow Blackfriars Campion Hall Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall) St Benet’s Hall St Stephen’s House St Stephen’s House St Stephen's House is on Marston Street, 350m from this arrow Wycliffe Hall Blackfriars Campion Hall Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall) St Benet’s Hall St Stephen’s House St Stephen’s House Wycliffe Hall University of Oxford Faculties & Facilities (Central Oxford) Show map of Oxford city centre St Anne's College Balliol College Christ Church College The Queen's College Worcester College Oriel College Corpus Christi College St Antony's College St Hugh's College Somerville College St John's College New College St Catherine's College Magdalen College All Souls College Brasenose College Exeter College Green Templeton College Harris Manchester College Hertford College Jesus College Keble College Kellogg College Lady Margaret Hall Linacre College Lincoln College Mansfield College Merton College Nuffield College Pembroke College St Cross College St Edmund Hall St Hilda's College St Peter's College Trinity College University College Wadham College Wolfson College Blackfriars Campion Hall Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall) St Benet’s Hall St Stephen’s House Wycliffe Hall Blackfriars Campion Hall Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall) St Benet’s Hall St Stephen’s House Wycliffe Hall University of Oxford Show map of Oxford Key - College (illustrative) - Permanent Private Hall

List of colleges

U=Undergraduates • P=Postgraduates • V=Visiting students • M=Male students • F=Female students • T=Total students
Name	Year of Foundation	Sister college at Cambridge	Total assets[15]	Financial endowment[15]	U[16]	P[16]	V[16]	M%[16]	F%[16]	T[16]	Assets per student
All Souls College	1438	Trinity Hall	£356,029,000[17]	£322,122,000[17]	0	6	0	67	33	6	£59,000,000
Balliol College	1263	St John's College	£111,768,000[18]	£91,942,000[18]	373	279	3	60	40	655	£171,000
Brasenose College	1509	Gonville and Caius College	£149,554,000[19]	£125,995,000[19]	367	203	3	56	44	573	£261,000
Christ Church	1546	Trinity College	£436,144,000[20]	£420,716,000[20]	428	164	1	59	41	593	£735,000
Corpus Christi College	1517	Corpus Christi College	£169,469,000[21]	£139,117,000[21]	249	94	0	55	45	343	£409,000
Exeter College	1314	Emmanuel College	£115,432,000[22]	£68,530,000[22]	316	186	25	55	45	527	£219,000
Green Templeton College	2008	St Edmund's College	£53,902,000[23]	£26,264,000[23]	101	441	0	47	53	542	£99,000
Harris Manchester College	1786 College: 1996	Homerton College	£15,555,000[24]	£7,083,000[24]	82	134	1	48	52	217	£72,000
Hertford College	1282 College: 1740	None	£71,734,000[25]	£53,417,000[25]	394	204	24	48	52	622	£115,000
Jesus College	1571	Jesus College	£186,143,000[26]	£157,968,000[26]	330	185	2	56	44	517	£360,000
Keble College	1870	Selwyn College	£64,627,000[27]	£36,908,000[27]	416	227	4	61	39	647	£100,000
Kellogg College	1990 College: 1994	None	N/A[note 1]	N/A[note 1]	0	905	0	62	38	905	N/A
Lady Margaret Hall	1878	Newnham College	£57,950,000[28]	£32,691,000[28]	395	213	13	50	50	621	£93,000
Linacre College	1962	Hughes Hall	£25,721,000[29]	£14,956,000[29]	0	437	0	53	47	437	£59,000
Lincoln College	1427	Downing College	£120,423,000[30]	£93,310,000[30]	297	316	4	51	49	617	£195,000
Magdalen College	1458	Magdalene College	£227,179,000[31]	£193,999,000[31]	393	176	4	59	41	573	£396,000
Mansfield College	1886 College: 1995	Homerton College	£19,762,000[32]	£12,614,000[32]	220	130	35	56	44	385	£51,000
Merton College	1264	Peterhouse	£250,448,000[33]	£229,496,000[33]	291	253	1	56	44	545	£460,000
New College	1379	King's College	£222,801,000[34]	£225,000,000[35][34]	429	256	13	55	45	698	£319,000
Nuffield College	1937	None	£194,049,000[36]	£173,106,000[36]	0	81	0	58	42	81	£2,396,000
Oriel College	1326	Clare College (Trinity College, Dublin)	£79,302,000[37]	£65,073,000[37]	325	172	4	55	45	501	£158,000
Pembroke College	1624	Queens' College	£86,305,000[38]	£58,477,000[38]	365	227	35	56	44	627	£138,000
The Queen's College	1341	Pembroke College	£264,919,000[39]	£217,669,000[39]	342	138	4	53	47	484	£547,000
Somerville College	1879	Girton College	£74,031,000[40]	£54,817,000[40]	385	171	0	49	51	556	£133,000
St Anne's College	1879 College: 1952	Murray Edwards College	£59,020,000[41]	£36,551,000[41]	423	322	33	50	50	778	£76,000
St Antony's College	1950 College: 1963	Wolfson College	£63,789,000[42]	£37,023,000[42]	0	451	2	49	51	453	£141,000
St Catherine's College	1963	Robinson College	£86,771,000[43]	£65,759,000[43]	476	387	45	55	45	908	£96,000
St Cross College	1965	Clare Hall	N/A[note 1]	N/A[note 1]	0	557	1	53	47	558	N/A
St Edmund Hall	1226 College: 1957	Fitzwilliam College	£60,990,000[44]	£43,301,000[44]	404	291	24	56	44	719	£85,000
St Hilda's College	1893	Peterhouse	£62,368,000[45]	£45,513,000[45]	411	163	2	51	49	576	£108,000
St Hugh's College	1886	Clare College	£56,716,000[46]	£28,186,000[46]	432	333	3	55	45	768	£74,000
St John's College	1555	Sidney Sussex College	£470,857,000[47]	£423,321,000[47]	385	221	1	55	45	607	£776,000
St Peter's College	1929 College: 1961	None	£44,217,000[48]	£31,918,000[48]	340	188	24	54	46	552	£80,000
Trinity College	1555	Churchill College	£148,808,000[49]	£124,611,000[49]	286	136	2	55	45	424	£351,000
University College	1249	Trinity Hall	£157,404,000[50]	£114,651,000[50]	363	199	1	58	42	563	£280,000
Wadham College	1610	Christ's College	£109,099,000[51]	£80,874,000[51]	451	166	33	54	46	650	£168,000
Wolfson College	1966 College: 1981	Darwin College	£66,989,000[52]	£37,351,000[52]	0	555	0	57	43	555	£121,000
Worcester College	1714	St Catharine's College	£67,815,000[53]	£25,105,000[53]	428	146	27	49	51	601	£113,000
Total			£4,751,616,000	£3,860,216,000	10,897	9,713	374	54	46	20,984	£226,000

List of permanent private halls

Name	Foundation	Sister hall at Cambridge	Religious affiliation	Total assets	Financial endowment	Undergraduates[16]	Postgraduates[16]	Visiting students[16]	Male %[16]	Female %[16]	Total students[16]	Assets per student
Blackfriars	1221 Refounded: 1921 PPH 1994	None	Catholic (Dominican)	N/A[note 1]	N/A[note 1]	4	39	9	62	38	52	N/A
Campion Hall	1896	None	Catholic (Jesuit)	N/A[note 2]	N/A[note 2]	0	8	0	100	0	8	N/A
Regent's Park College	1752 Moved to Oxford: 1927	None	Baptist	£5,459,000[54]	£3,206,000[54]	115	67	13	43	57	195	£28,000
St Benet's Hall	1897	None	Catholic (Benedictine)	£99,000[55]	£0[55]	48	16	0	81	19	64	£1,500
St Stephen's House	1876 PPH: 2003	None	Anglican	£10,938,000[56]	£314,000[56]	17	45	0	61	39	62	£176,000
Wycliffe Hall	1877	Ridley Hall	Anglican	£9,364,000[57]	£560,000[57]	76	32	57	53	47	165	£57,000
Total				£25,860,000	£4,080,000	260	207	79	55	45	546	£47,000

College and permanent private hall arms and colours

Each college and permanent private hall has its own arms, although in some cases these were assumed rather than granted by the College of Arms. Under King Henry VIII Oxford colleges were granted exemption from having their arms granted by the College of Arms; and some, like Lady Margaret Hall, have chosen to take advantage of this exemption, whilst others, such as Oriel, despite having used the arms for many centuries, have recently elected to have the arms granted officially. The blazons below are taken from the Oxford University Calendar^[58] unless otherwise indicated. Shields are emblazoned as commonly drawn, and notable inconsistencies between blazons and emblazons (the shields as drawn) are indicated.

Each college also has its own colours used on items such as scarves and rowing blades.

College	Arms	Blazon	Scarf	Blades
All Souls College		Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gules.
Balliol College		Azure a lion rampant argent, crowned or, impaling gules, an orle argent.
Brasenose College		Tierced in pale: (1) Argent, a chevron sable between three roses gules seeded or, barbed vert (for Smyth); (2) or, an escutcheon of the arms of the See of Lincoln (gules, two lions of England in pale or, on a chief azure Our Lady crowned seated on a tombstone issuant from the chief, in her dexter arm the Infant Jesus, in her sinister arm a sceptre, all or), ensigned with a mitre proper; (3) quarterly, first and fourth argent, a chevron between three bugle-horns stringed sable; second and third argent, a chevron between three crosses crosslet sable (for Sutton).[a]
Christ Church		Sable, on a cross engrailed argent, a lion passant gules between four leopards' faces azure, on a chief or a rose of the third, seeded or, barbed vert, between two Cornish choughs proper.
Corpus Christi College		Tierced per pale: (1) Azure, a pelican with wings endorsed vulning herself or; (2) Argent, thereon an escutcheon charged with the arms of the See of Winchester (i.e. gules, two keys addorsed in bend, the uppermost or, the other argent, a sword interposed between them in bend sinister of the third, pommel and hilt gold; the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre of the last); (3) Sable, a chevron or between three owls argent, on a chief of the second as many roses gules, seeded of the second, barbed vert.
Exeter College		Argent, two bends nebuly within a bordure sable charged with eight pairs of keys, addorsed and interlaced in the rings, the wards upwards, or.
Green Templeton College		Or between two flaunches vert on each a nautilus shell the aperture outwards or a rod of Aesculapius sable the serpent azure.
Harris Manchester College		Gules, two Torches inflamed in saltire proper; on a Chief Argent, between Two Roses of a field barbed and seeded an open Book also proper.
Hertford College		Gules, a stag's head caboshed argent, attired, and between the attires a cross patty fitchy at the foot, or.
Jesus College		Vert, three stags trippant argent attired or.
Keble College		Argent, a chevron engrailed gules, on a chief azure three mullets pierced or.
Kellogg College		Per pale indented argent and azure on the argent a chevron enhanced gules in base a book azure leaved argent on the azure an ear of wheat palewise or the whole within a bordure gules.		Christ Church Boat Club[59]
Lady Margaret Hall		Or, on a chevron between in chief two talbots passant and in base a bell all azure, a portcullis of the field.
Linacre College		Sable an open Book proper edged or bound gules the dexter page charged with the Greek letter alpha the sinister page charged with the Greek letter omega both sable the whole between three escallops argent.
Lincoln College		Tierced per pale: (1) Barry of six argent and azure, in chief three lozenges gules, on the second bar of an argent a mullet pierced sable; (2) Argent, thereon an escutcheon of the arms of the See of Lincoln (i.e., Gules, two lions passant guardant or, on a chief azure the Blessed Virgin Mary ducally crowned seated on a throne issuant from the chief, on her dexter arm the infant Jesus and holding in her sinister hand a sceptre, all gold; the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre azure garnished and stringed or); (3) Vert, three stags trippant argent attired or.[b]
Magdalen College		Lozengy ermine and sable, on a chief of the second three lilies argent slipped and seeded or.
Mansfield College		Gules an open book proper inscribed DEUS LOCUTUS EST NOBIS IN FILIO in letters sable bound argent edged and clasped or between three cross crosslets or.
Merton College		Or, three chevronels party per pale, the first and third azure and gules, the second gules and azure.
New College		Argent, two chevronels sable between three roses gules, seeded or, barbed vert.
Nuffield College		Ermine on a fesse or between in chief two roses gules barbed and seeded proper and in base a balance of the second three pears sable, and for crest on a wreath or and gules a demi bull gules armed and unguled or resting the sinister hoof on a winged wheel or.[c]
Oriel College		Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or within a bordure engrailed argent.
Pembroke College		Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant, two and one, argent, on a chief per pale argent and or, in the first a rose gules, seeded or, barbed vert in the second a thistle of Scotland proper.
The Queen's College		Argent, three eagles displayed two and one gules, legged and beaked or, on the breast of the first eagle, a pierced mullet of the third as cadency mark.[d]
Somerville College		Argent, three mullets in chevron reversed gules, between six crosses crosslet fitched sable.
St Anne's College		Gules, on a chevron between in chief two lions' heads erased argent, and in base a sword of the second pummelled and kilt or and enfiled with a wreath of laurel proper, three ravens.
St Antony's College		Or on a chevron between three tau crosses gules as many pierced mullets of the field.
St Catherine's College		Sable a saltire ermine between four Catherine wheels or.
St Cross College		Argent a cross potent purpure a quarter counterchanged.
St Edmund Hall		Or, a cross patonce gules cantoned by four Cornish choughs proper.
St Hilda's College		Azure on a fess or between in chief two unicorns' heads couped and in base a coiled serpent argent three estoiles gules.
St Hugh's College		Azure a saltire ermine between four fleurs-de-lis or.
St John's College		Gules, on a bordure sable eight estoiles or; on a canton ermine a lion rampant of the second; on the fess point an annulet of the third.
St Peter's College		Per pale vert and argent, to the dexter two keys in saltire or surmounted by a triple towered castle argent masoned sable (representing Oxford bailey) and on the sinister a cross gules surmounted by a mitre or between four martlets sable (for Chavasse), the whole within a bordure or.
Trinity College		Party per pale or and azure, on a chevron between three griffins heads erased four fleurs-de-lys, all counter-changed of the field.
University College		Azure, a cross patonce between five martlets or.
Wadham College		Gules, a chevron between 3 roses argent, seeded or, barbed vert, impaling gules, a bend or between two escallops argent.
Wolfson College		Per pale gules and or on a chevron between three roses two pears all countercharged the roses barbed and seeded proper.
Worcester College		Argent, two chevronels between six martlets, three, two and one gules.[e]
Blackfriars		Gyronny of sable and argent, a cross flory counterchanged.[f]
Campion Hall		Argent on a cross sable a plate charged with a wolf's head erased of the second between in pale two billets of the field that in chief charged with a cinquefoil and that in base with a saltire gules and in fesse as many plates each charged with a campion flower leaved and slipped proper on a chief also of the second two branches of palm in saltire enfiled with a celestial crown or.[60][g]
Regent's Park College		Argent on a cross gules an open Bible proper irradiated or the pages inscribed with the words DOMINUS JESUS in letters sable on a chief wavy azure fish or.
St Benet's Hall		Per fesse dancetté or and azure, a chief per pale gules and of the second, charged on the dexter with two keys in saltire or and argent, and on the sinister with a cross flory between five martlets of the first.
St Stephen's House		Gules a celestial crown between three bezants two and one or, on a chief sable an apostolic eagle between two crosses crosslet or.
Wycliffe Hall		Gules, an open book proper the pages inscribed with the words VIA VERITAS VITA in letters sable on a chief azure three crosses crosslet argent and in base an estoile or.[h]

Notes

Heads of Houses

The senior member of each college is an officer known generically as the Head of House. His or her specific title varies from college to college as indicated in the list below. While the Head of House will usually be an academic, it is not uncommon for a person to be appointed who has had a distinguished career outside academic circles.

For a list of current Heads of Houses, see Heads of Houses.

• 
  Principal: Brasenose, Green Templeton, Harris Manchester, Hertford, Jesus College, Lady Margaret Hall, Linacre, Mansfield, St Anne’s, St Edmund Hall, St Hilda’s, St Hugh’s, Somerville, Regent’s Park, St Stephen’s House, and Wycliffe Hall
  


• 
  Master: Balliol, Pembroke, St Catherine’s, St Cross, St Peter’s, University College, Campion Hall, and St Benet’s Hall
  


• 
  Warden: All Souls, Keble, Merton, New College, Nuffield, St Antony’s, and Wadham.


• 
  President: Corpus Christi, Kellogg, Magdalen, St John’s, Trinity, and Wolfson
  


• 
  Provost: Oriel, The Queen’s College, and Worcester
  


• 
  Dean: Christ Church
  


• 
  Rector: Exeter and Lincoln
  


• 
  Regent: Blackfriars
  

Until 2004, the President of Templeton was both Head of House and Chairman of the Governing Body. In 2004, the college statutes were amended so that these roles were separated. The Dean was the Head of House until 2008. When the college merged with Green, the Head of the new Green Templeton assumed the title of Principal. The Dean of Christ Church is head of both the college and the cathedral. The President of Kellogg is also Director of the Department for Continuing Education.

Academic rankings

For some years, an unofficial ranking of undergraduate colleges by performance in Final Honour Schools examinations has been published annually, known as the Norrington Table. As the table only takes into account the examination results for the year of publication, college rankings may fluctuate considerably.

Beginning in 2005, the University of Oxford started publishing a list of colleges classified by a "Norrington Score", effectively replicating the Norrington Table. The university claims to have published the results "in the interests of openness". Although the university says that the college listings are "not very significant", the 2005 table is the first Norrington Table with official data and also likely the first to be accurate. Dame Fiona Caldicott, the Chairman of the Conference of Colleges, has said that in previous years some students have used the Data Protection Act 1998 to ensure their results were not published, rendering the unofficial tables inaccurate.^[61]

Out of the 30 Oxford undergraduate colleges, St John's College has ranked 1st in academic performance in the recent College rankings^[62] in the recent past (as of 2018).

College rivalries

A tradition of the University is a friendly rivalry between colleges. Often, two neighbouring colleges will be rivals, and each college will pride itself in its athletic victories over the other one. Examples include^{[according to whom?]}:

• 
  Jesus College and Exeter College^[63]
  


• 
  Brasenose College and Lincoln College^[64]
  


• 
  The Queen's College and St Edmund Hall
  


• 
  Balliol College and Trinity College^[65]
  


• 
  Christ Church and Pembroke College
  


• 
  Keble College and St John's College^[66][67]
  


• 
  University College and Merton College
  


• 
  St Catherine's College and Magdalen College
  


• 
  Blackfriars Hall and Campion Hall
  


• 
  Corpus Christi and Merton College
  


• 
  St Hugh's College and St Anne's College
  


• 
  Hertford College and St Hilda's College^[68]
  


• 
  Keble College and St Edmund Hall
  

See also

• List of fictional Oxford colleges


• Oxford scarf colours


• List of Oxbridge sister colleges


• Colleges of the University of Cambridge


• Colleges of Durham University


• Colleges of the University of York

Notes and references