Robot Operating System


















































Robot Operating System

Melodic Morenia Logo
Melodic Morenia Logo


Cart pushing simulation in RVIZ
Cart pushing simulation in RVIZ

Original author(s)
Willow Garage
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Initial release 2007; 11 years ago (2007)
Stable release
Melodic Morenia[1]
/ 23 May 2018; 6 months ago (2018-05-23)

Repository
  • github.com/ros
Edit this at Wikidata
Written in
C++ or Python
Operating system
Linux, MacOS (experimental), Windows 10
Type
Robotics suite, OS, library
License BSD license
Website www.ros.org

Robot Operating System (ROS) is robotics middleware (i.e. collection of software frameworks for robot software development). Although ROS is not an operating system, it provides services designed for a heterogeneous computer cluster such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. Running sets of ROS-based processes are represented in a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor, control, state, planning, actuator, and other messages. Despite the importance of reactivity and low latency in robot control, ROS itself is not a real-time OS (RTOS). It is possible, however, to integrate ROS with real-time code.[2] The lack of support for real-time systems has been addressed in the creation of ROS 2.0.[3][4][5]


Software in the ROS Ecosystem[6] can be separated into three groups:



  • language-and platform-independent tools used for building and distributing ROS-based software;

  • ROS client library implementations such as roscpp,[7] rospy,[8] and roslisp;[9]

  • packages containing application-related code which uses one or more ROS client libraries.[10]


Both the language-independent tools and the main client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are released under the terms of the BSD license, and as such are open source software and free for both commercial and research use. The majority of other packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses. These other packages implement commonly used functionality and applications such as hardware drivers, robot models, datatypes, planning, perception, simultaneous localization and mapping, simulation tools, and other algorithms.


The main ROS client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are geared toward a Unix-like system, primarily because of their dependence on large collections of open-source software dependencies. For these client libraries, Ubuntu Linux is listed as "Supported" while other variants such as Fedora Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows are designated "Experimental" and are supported by the community.[11] The native Java ROS client library, rosjava, however, does not share these limitations and has enabled ROS-based software to be written for the Android OS.[12] rosjava has also enabled ROS to be integrated into an officially supported MATLAB toolbox which can be used on Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows.[13] A JavaScript client library, roslibjs has also been developed which enables integration of software into a ROS system via any standards-compliant web browser. In September 2018 Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10.




Contents






  • 1 History and milestones


    • 1.1 2007


    • 1.2 2008


    • 1.3 2009


    • 1.4 2010


    • 1.5 2011


    • 1.6 2012


    • 1.7 2013


    • 1.8 2014


    • 1.9 2015


    • 1.10 2016


    • 1.11 2017


    • 1.12 2018




  • 2 Applications


    • 2.1 ROS-Industrial




  • 3 Version history


  • 4 Ports to robots and boards


  • 5 ROS packages


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 Related projects


  • 9 External links





History and milestones



2007



  • ROS was started by borrowing the best practices from many early open source robotic software frameworks including switchyard by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in support of the Stanford AI Robot STAIR (STanford AI Robot) project.[14][15]

  • January. Willow Garage hires first employees: Jonathan Stark, Melonee Wise, Curt Meyers, and John Hsu

  • 7 November 2007: First commit of ROS code to SourceForge[16]



2008


  • Development was performed primarily at Willow Garage, a robotics research lab, when Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek,[17] the founders of the Stanford Personal Robotics Program,[18] left Stanford to start the Personal Robotics Program at Willow Garage.[19] During that time, researchers at more than twenty institutions collaborated with Willow Garage engineers in a federated development model.[20][21]


2009



  • 2/10/2009: ROS 0.4 Mango Tango released[22]

  • 2/16/2009: RVIZ first documented

  • 5/12/2009: First published paper on ROS: ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System 5/12/2009 (Authors: Morgan Quigley, Ken Conley, Brian Gerkey, Josh Faust, Tully Foote, Jeremy Leibs, Rob Wheeler, Andrew Y Ng)[21]

  • 8/16/2009: ROS.org comes online[23]

  • 12/2/2009: First ROS tutorials released[24]



2010



  • 1/22/2010: ROS 1.0 released

  • 3/30/2010: First autonomous car running ROS announced with UT Austin[25]

  • 5/4/2010: Willow Garage awards PR2 to 11 institutions


    • University of Freiburg (Germany)

    • Bosch

    • Georgia Tech


    • KU Leuven (Belgium)

    • MIT

    • Stanford


    • TU Munich (Germany)

    • UC Berkeley

    • U Penn

    • USC


    • University of Tokyo (Japan)



  • 5/29/2010: First drone using ROS, from GRASP Lab at U Penn[26]

  • 8/19/2010: First use of ROS on Lego Mindstorms[27]

  • 9/7/2010: PR2 robots made available for commercial purchase[28]



2011



  • 1/26/2011: First public appearance of TurtleBot, at Homebrew Robotics Club

  • 2/15/2011: Introduction of ROS Answers[29]

  • 4/18/2011: Willow Garage announces TurtleBot[30]

  • 5/11/2011: First pure Java implementation of ROS announced at Google I/O[31]

  • 5/5/2011: ROS surpasses 100 repositories[32]
    • 100th repository is rl-texplore-ros-pkg from the University of Texas at Austin


  • 11/8/2011: 4th anniversary of ROS and video compilation published[33]



2012



  • 4/16/2012: Willow Garage spins out Open Source Robotics Foundation[34]

  • 4/17/2012: DARPA awards software contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation[35]

  • 5/19–20/2012: First ROSCon held in Saint Paul, MN[36]

  • 9/4/2012: First book on ROS published. ROS By Example, by Patrick Goebel[37]

  • 9/17/2012: First commercial robot based on ROS released by Rethink Robotics[38]

  • 11/7/2012: Five year anniversary of ROS, with video compilation[39]

  • 12/3/2012: ROS now running on every continent[40]



2013



  • February 2013, ROS stewardship transitioned to the Open Source Robotics Foundation.[41]

  • 3/12/2013: 10,000 questions asked on ROS Answers[42]

  • 5/11-12/2013: ROSCon 2013 takes place in Stuttgart, Germany

  • 6/18/2013: Virtual Robotics Challenge takes place, the virtual stage of the DARPA Robotics Challenge

  • August 2013, a blog posting[43] announced that Willow Garage would be absorbed by another company started by its founder, Suitable Technologies.

  • 12/3/2013: ROS.org released[44]



2014



  • 1/15/2014: Support responsibilities for the PR2 created by Willow Garage taken over by Clearpath Robotics[45]

  • 2/7/2014: ROS Answers Reaches 15,000 Questions[46]

  • 6/6/2014: ROS Kong, the first international ROS user group meeting

  • 9/1/2014: First robot in space running on ROS, the Robonaut 2 on the International Space Station[47]

  • 9/12–13/2014: ROSCon 2014 takes place in Chicago. Program here.[48]
    • Industry attendees surpass academia attendees for first time


  • 12/21/2014: First ROS meetup in Korea[49]



2015



  • 6/9/2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge takes place. Out of the 23 DRC Finals teams, 18 teams use ROS and 14 teams use Gazebo[50]

  • 7/23/2015: First ROS Summer School in China[51]

  • 10/3/2015: ROSCon 2015.

  • 11/3/2015: ROS 2 Alpha released

  • 11/7/2015: Eighth anniversary of ROS, and video compilation[52]

  • 12/25/2015: Book release: Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System[53]



2016



  • 2/18/2016: First Danish ROS meetup[54]

  • 7/22/2016: Second ROS Summer School in China[55]

  • 9/15/2016: OSRF announces collaboration with Toyota Research Institute[56]

  • 10/7/2016: Bosch underwrites full-time position at OSRF[57]



2017



  • 3/21/2017: First Ukrainian ROS Meetup[58]

  • 5/16/2017: Open Source Robotics Foundation changed its name to Open Robotics.[59]

  • 7/22/2017: Third ROS Summer School in China[60]

  • 9/21/2017: ROSCon 2017. Program here.[61]



2018



  • 5/23/2018: ROS Melodic Morenia[62]

  • 9/28/2018: Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10

  • 9/29/2018: ROSCon 2018 in Madrid.

  • 11/26/2018: Amazon launches AWS RoboMaker. The cloud-based service utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) to offer developers a place to develop and test robotics applications.



Applications


ROS areas include:



  • a master coordination node

  • publishing or subscribing to data streams: images, stereo, laser, control, actuator, contact ...

  • multiplexing information

  • node creation and destruction

  • nodes are seamlessly distributed, allowing distributed operation over multi-core, multi-processor, GPUs, and clusters

  • logging

  • parameter server

  • test systems


ROS package application areas will include:



  • perception

  • object identification


  • segmentation and recognition

  • Face recognition

  • gesture recognition

  • motion tracking

  • egomotion

  • motion understanding


  • structure from motion (SFM)


  • stereo vision: depth perception via two cameras

  • motion

  • mobile robotics

  • control

  • planning

  • grasping



ROS-Industrial


ROS-Industrial[63] is an open-source project (BSD (legacy) / Apache 2.0 (preferred) license) that extends the advanced capabilities of ROS to manufacturing automation and robotics. The ROS-Industrial repository includes interfaces for common industrial manipulators, grippers, sensors, and device networks. It also provides software libraries for automatic 2D/3D sensor calibration, process path/motion planning, applications like Scan-N-Plan, developer tools like the Qt Creator ROS Plugin, and training curriculum that is specific to the needs of manufacturers. ROS-I is supported by an international Consortium of industry and research members. The project began as a collaborative endeavor between Yaskawa Motoman Robotics, Southwest Research Institute, and Willow Garage to support the use of ROS for manufacturing automation, with the GitHub repository being founded in January 2012 by Shaun Edwards (SwRI). Currently, the Consortium is divided into three groups; the ROS-Industrial Consortium Americas (led by SwRI and located in San Antonio, Texas), the ROS-Industrial Consortium Europe (led by Fraunhofer IPA and located in Stuttgart, Germany) and the ROS-Industrial Consortium Asia Pacific (led by Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and located in Singapore).


The Consortia supports the global ROS-Industrial community by conducting ROS-I training, providing technical support and setting the future roadmap for ROS-I, as well as conducting pre-competitive joint industry projects to develop new ROS-I capabilities.[64]



Version history


ROS releases may be incompatible with other releases and are often referred to by code name rather than version number. The major releases so far are:


















































































Distro
 Release date
 Poster
 EOL date
Melodic Morenia
 May 23, 2018
Melodic Morenia.png
Current stable version: 2023-05-30
Lunar Loggerhead
 May 23, 2017
ROS Lunar Loggerhead.png
Current stable version: 2019-05-30
Kinetic Kame
 May 23, 2016
Kinetic.png
Current stable version: 2021-05-30
Jade Turtle
 May 23, 2015
ROS jade logo.png
Old version, no longer supported: 2017-05-30
Indigo Igloo
 July 22, 2014
Indigoigloo 600.png
Older version, yet still supported: 2019-04-30
Hydro Medusa
 September 4, 2013
ROS Hydro logo.png
Old version, no longer supported: 2014-05-31
Groovy Galapagos
 December 31, 2012
ROS Groovy logo.jpg
Old version, no longer supported: 2014-07-31
Fuerte Turtle
 April 23, 2012
ROS Fuerte logo.jpg
Old version, no longer supported: --
Electric Emys
 August 30, 2011
ROS Electric logo.png
Old version, no longer supported: --
Diamondback
 March 2, 2011
ROS Diamondback logo.jpg
Old version, no longer supported: --
C Turtle
 August 2, 2010
ROS C logo.jpg
Old version, no longer supported: --
Box Turtle
 March 2, 2010
ROS Box logo.png
Old version, no longer supported: --


Legend:

Old version

Older version, still supported

Latest version

Latest preview version

Future release





Ports to robots and boards



  • ABB, Adept, Fanuc, Motoman, and Universal Robots are supported by ROS-Industrial[65]


  • Baxter[66] at Rethink Robotics, Inc.

  • BeagleBoard. The robotics lab of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium:[67] has ported ROS to the Beagleboard

  • HERB[68] developed at Carnegie Mellon University in Intel's personal robotics program

  • Husky A200 robot developed (and integrated into ROS) by Clearpath Robotics[69]

  • PR1 personal robot developed in Ken Salisbury's lab at Stanford[70]

  • PR2 personal robot being developed at Willow Garage[71]

  • Raven II Surgical Robotic Research Platform[72][73]

  • rosbridge protocol and server[74] Brown University[75] developed the rosbridge protocol to enable any robot or computing environment to integrate with ROS using JSON-based messaging, such as for common web browsers, Matlab, Microsoft Windows, OS X, and embedded systems

  • Shadow Robot Hand[76] – A fully dexterous humanoid hand.

  • STAIR I and II[77] robots developed in Andrew Ng's lab at Stanford

  • SummitXL:[78] Mobile robot developed by Robotnik, an engineering company specialized in mobile robots, robotic arms, and industrial solutions with ROS architecture.

  • Nao[79] humanoid: University of Freiburg's Humanoid Robots Lab[80] developed a ROS integration for the Nao humanoid based on an initial port by Brown University[75][81]

  • UBR1[82][83] developed by Unbounded Robotics, a spin-off of Willow Garage.

  • Raspberry Pi: image of ubuntu Mate with ROS[84] by Ubiquity Robotics; installation guide for Raspbian[85]

  • ROSbot: autonomous robot platform by Husarion[86]


  • Webots: robot simulator integrating a complete ROS programming interface[87].



ROS packages


ROS contains many open source implementations of common robotics functionality and algorithms. These open source implementations are organized into "packages". Many packages are included as part of ROS distributions, while others may be developed by individuals and distributed through code sharing sites such as github.



See also




  • Open hardware

  • Robotics middleware

  • Open source software



References





  1. ^ "ROS Melodic Morenia". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-06-10..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ROS-Introduction http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Introduction


  3. ^ Kay, Jackie. "Proposal for Implementation of Real-time Systems in ROS 2". Retrieved 16 August 2016.


  4. ^ Kay, Jackie. "Realtime Design Guidelines For ROS 2". design.ROS2.org. ROS2. Retrieved 22 November 2018.


  5. ^ "ROS 2 For Realtime Applications". discourse.ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 22 November 2018.


  6. ^ "Browsing packages for indigo". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.


  7. ^ "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.


  8. ^ "Package SUmmary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.


  9. ^ "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.


  10. ^ "client libraries". ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  11. ^ "ROS/Installation - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  12. ^ "android - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 2014-04-12. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  13. ^ "Robot Operating System (ROS) Support from MATLAB - Hardware Support". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  14. ^ "STAIR". stair.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  15. ^ Quigley, Morgan; Berger, Eric; Ng, Andrew Y. (2007), STAIR: Hardware and Software Architecture (PDF), AAAI 2007 Robotics Workshop


  16. ^ "Repository: code". Sourceforge.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  17. ^ "The Origin Story of ROS, the Linux of Robotics". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2017-10-31.


  18. ^ "Stanford Personal Robotics Program". personalrobotics.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-03.


  19. ^ "Robot Operating System". EngineerJobs Magazine. 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2017-07-03.


  20. ^ "Repositories". ROS.org. Retrieved 7 June 2011.


  21. ^ ab Quigley, Morgan; Gerkey, Brian; Conley, Ken; Faust, Josh; Foote, Tully; Leibs, Jeremy; Berger, Eric; Wheeler, Rob; Ng, Andrew. "ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2010.


  22. ^ "ROS robotics news: February 2009 Archives". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  23. ^ "Welcome to ros.org - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  24. ^ "ROS Tutorials and Turtles - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  25. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Marvin autonomous car (Austin Robot Technology/UT Austin) - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  26. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Penn Quadrotors - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  27. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Lego NXT - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  28. ^ "PR2 Robots Available for Purchase".


  29. ^ "Announcing ROS Answers - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  30. ^ "ROS on the Move: TurtleBots available for preorder - Willow Garage". www.WillowGarage.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  31. ^ "Google I/O 2011: Cloud Robotics, ROS for Java and Android - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  32. ^ "100 Repositories - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  33. ^ "Celebrating the fourth anniversary of ROS... and the First ROSCon 2012 - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  34. ^ "Willow Garage Spins Out OSRF".


  35. ^ "DARPA Awards Simulation Software Contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation".


  36. ^ "Thanks for a great ROSCon 2012! - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  37. ^ "New Book: ROS by Example - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  38. ^ "Rethink ROS - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  39. ^ "ROS: Five Years - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  40. ^ "ROS: Five Years - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  41. ^ "Osrf - Ros @ Osrf". Osrfoundation.org. 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  42. ^ "10,000 Questions Asked on ROS Answers".


  43. ^ "employees join Suitable Technologies". Willow Garage. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  44. ^ "A new www.ros.org - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  45. ^ "Clearpath Welcomes PR2 to the Family".


  46. ^ "ROS Answers Reaches 15,000 Questions".


  47. ^ "ROS running on ISS - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  48. ^ "Program - ROSCon 2014". roscon.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  49. ^ ROS meetup in Korea


  50. ^ "ROS and Gazebo at DRC Finals".


  51. ^ "Report from first ROS Summer School in China - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  52. ^ "ROS Turns 8 - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  53. ^ "Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System". OReilly.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  54. ^ "First Danish ROS Meetup".


  55. ^ "ROS Summer School in China 2016, July 22-28 - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.


  56. ^ "OSRF Collaboration with TRI".


  57. ^ "Bosch Underwrites Full-Time Position at OSRF".


  58. ^ "First Ukrainian ROS Meetup".


  59. ^ "Welcome to Open Robotics". www.OSRFoundation.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  60. ^ "ROS Summer School in China, July 22-28, 2017". Discourse.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  61. ^ "ROSCon 2017". roscon.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  62. ^ "melodic - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 2018-05-28.


  63. ^ "ROS-Industrial About". rosindustrial.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  64. ^ "Brief History". ROS-Industrial. Retrieved 2018-07-11.


  65. ^ "Home". ROS-Industrial. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  66. ^ Baxter http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/products/baxter-research-robot/baxter-research-robot-qa/


  67. ^ K U leuven http://people.mech.kuleuven.be/%7Eu0062536/embsensor.html


  68. ^ "CMU Personal Robotics Lab". personalrobotics.Intel-Research.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  69. ^ "Husky UGV - Outdoor Field Research Robot by Clearpath". ClearPathRobotics.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  70. ^ "Stanford Personal Robotics Program". personalrobotics.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.


  71. ^ PR2


  72. ^ B. Hannaford, J. Rosen, Diana CW Friedman, H. King, P. Roan, L. Cheng, D. Glozman, J. Ma, S.N. Kosari, L. White, 'Raven-II: AN Open Platform for Surgical Robotics Research,' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 60, pp. 954-959, April 2013.


  73. ^ "BioRobotics Laboratory | Biorobotics Laboratory - University of Washington". Brl.ee.washington.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  74. ^ rosbridge protocol and server http://www.ros.org/wiki/rosbridge


  75. ^ ab brown-robotics http://brown-robotics.org/


  76. ^ SDH


  77. ^ STAIR I and II http://stair.stanford.edu/index.php


  78. ^ "Summit XL - Robotnik". Robotnik.es. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  79. ^ "nao - ROS Wiki". Ros.org. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  80. ^ Humanoid Robots Lab http://hrl.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/


  81. ^ G.T. Jay, Post to ros-users mailing list announcing ROS support for the Nao


  82. ^ "Specification". Unbounded Robotics. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  83. ^ Ackerman, Evan (2013-10-21). "UBR-1 Robot From Unbounded Robotics Revolutionizes Affordable Mobile Manipulation - IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2014-07-12.


  84. ^ "Ubiquity Robotics Downloads". Retrieved 29 January 2018.


  85. ^ "ROSberryPi/Installing ROS Kinetic on the Raspberry Pi". Retrieved 29 January 2018.


  86. ^ Husarion ROSbot manual


  87. ^ "Using ROS with Webots". Retrieved 2018-05-18.



Notes

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

  • STAIR: The STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot project, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena, Eric Berger. Snowbird, 2008.



Related projects



  • RT middleware – Robot middleware standard/implementations. RT-component is discussed / defined by the Object Management Group.


External links


  • Official website



-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun

圖片
12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun Type 89 gun mounted on Chitose Type Naval gun anti-aircraft gun Place of origin Japan Service history In service 1932–45 Used by Imperial Japanese Navy Wars World War II Production history Designed 1928–32 Produced 1932–45 No.  built ~1500 Variants Type 88 Specifications Mass 3,100 kilograms (6,834 lb) Barrel length 5,080 millimeters (16 ft 8 in) (bore length) Shell Fixed Shell weight 20.9–23.45 kilograms (46.1–51.7 lb) Caliber 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Breech horizontal breech block Elevation -8° to +90° [1] Rate of fire 8-14 rounds per minute Muzzle velocity 720–725 meters per second (2,360–2,380 ft/s) Maximum firing range 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at 90° (AA ceiling) 14,800 meters (48,600 ft) at 45° The 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA...
閱讀完整內容

Rikitea

圖片
Town in French Polynesia, France Rikitea Town Rikitea Location in French Polynesia Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Country   France Overseas collectivity   French Polynesia Territory Gambier Islands Island Mangareva Rikitea is a small town on Mangareva, which is part of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. A majority of the islanders live in Rikitea. [1] [2] The island was a protectorate of France in 1871 and was annexed in 1881. [3] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Landmarks 5 Transportation 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History The town's history dates to the era when the island was first settled with people from the Marquesas Islands in 1100 AD. Captain James Wilson of the London Missionary Society arrived in 1797 on Du...
閱讀完整內容

University of Vienna

圖片
"Vienna University" redirects here. For Vienna University of Economics and Business, see Vienna University of Economics and Business. University of Vienna Universität Wien Type Public Established 1365 Budget € 544 million [1] Rector Heinz Engl Academic staff 6,765 Administrative staff 3,106 Students 94,000 [2] Postgraduates 16,490 Doctoral students 8,945 Location Main building, Vienna , Austria 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Coordinates: 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Campus Urban Colors Blue and White           Affiliations Campus Europae, EUA, UNICA Website www.univie.ac.at/en Data as of 2016 [update] The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the Ge...
閱讀完整內容