Stabat Mater




For other uses, see Stabat Mater (disambiguation).

For the hymn about the Nativity, see Stabat Mater Speciosa.




Pietro Perugino's depiction of Mary at the Cross, 1482. (National Gallery, Washington)


The Stabat Mater is a 13th-century Christian hymn to Mary, which portrays her suffering as Jesus Christ's mother during his crucifixion. Its author may be either the Franciscan friar Jacopone da Todi or Pope Innocent III.[1][2][3] The title comes from its first line, Stabat Mater dolorosa, which means "the sorrowful mother was standing".[4]


The hymn is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows. The Stabat Mater has been set to music by many Western composers, most famously by Palestrina (~1590), Vivaldi (1712), Domenico (1715) and Alessandro Scarlatti (1723), Pergolesi (1736), Joseph Haydn (1767), Rossini (1831–42), Antonín Dvořák (1876–77), Verdi (1896–97), Karol Szymanowski (1925–26), Poulenc (1950) and Arvo Pärt (1985).




Contents






  • 1 Date


  • 2 Text and translation


  • 3 Musical settings


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





Date


The Stabat Mater has often been ascribed to Jacopone da Todi, OFM (ca. 1230–1306), but this has been strongly challenged by the discovery of the earliest notated copy of the Stabat Mater in a 13th-century gradual belonging to the Dominican nuns in Bologna (Museo Civico Medievale MS 518, fo. 200v-04r).[5]


The Stabat Mater was well known by the end of the 14th century and Georgius Stella wrote of its use in 1388, while other historians note its use later in the same century. In Provence, about 1399, it was used during the nine days' processions.[6]


As a liturgical sequence, the Stabat Mater was suppressed, along with hundreds of other sequences, by the Council of Trent, but restored to the missal by Pope Benedict XIII in 1727 for the Feast of the Seven Dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[7]



Text and translation


The following translation by Edward Caswall is not literal, and represents the trochaic tetrameter rhyme scheme, and sense of the original text.

































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Stabat mater dolorósa

juxta Crucem lacrimósa,

dum pendébat Fílius.


Cuius ánimam geméntem,

contristátam et doléntem

pertransívit gládius.


O quam tristis et afflícta

fuit illa benedícta,

mater Unigéniti!


Quae mœrébat et dolébat,

pia Mater, dum vidébat

nati pœnas ínclyti.


Quis est homo qui non fleret,

matrem Christi si vidéret

in tanto supplício?


Quis non posset contristári

Christi Matrem contemplári

doléntem cum Fílio?


Pro peccátis suæ gentis

vidit Iésum in torméntis,

et flagéllis súbditum.


Vidit suum dulcem Natum

moriéndo desolátum,

dum emísit spíritum.


Eja, Mater, fons amóris

me sentíre vim dolóris

fac, ut tecum lúgeam.


Fac, ut árdeat cor meum

in amándo Christum Deum

ut sibi compláceam.


Sancta Mater, istud agas,

crucifíxi fige plagas

cordi meo válide.


Tui Nati vulneráti,

tam dignáti pro me pati,

pœnas mecum dívide.


Fac me tecum pie flere,

crucifíxo condolére,

donec ego víxero.


Juxta Crucem tecum stare,

et me tibi sociáre

in planctu desídero.


Virgo vírginum præclára,

mihi iam non sis amára,

fac me tecum plángere.


Fac, ut portem Christi mortem,

passiónis fac consórtem,

et plagas recólere.


Fac me plagis vulnerári,

fac me Cruce inebriári,

et cruóre Fílii.


Flammis ne urar succénsus,

per te, Virgo, sim defénsus

in die iudícii.


Christe, cum sit hinc exíre,

da per Matrem me veníre

ad palmam victóriæ.


Quando corpus moriétur,

fac, ut ánimæ donétur

paradísi glória.


Amen.

At the Cross her station keeping,

stood the mournful Mother weeping,

close to her Son to the last.


Through her heart, His sorrow sharing,

all His bitter anguish bearing,

now at length the sword has passed.


O how sad and sore distressed

was that Mother, highly blest,

of the sole-begotten One.


Christ above in torment hangs,

she beneath beholds the pangs

of her dying glorious Son.


Is there one who would not weep,

whelmed in miseries so deep,

Christ's dear Mother to behold?


Can the human heart refrain

from partaking in her pain,

in that Mother's pain untold?


For the sins of His own nation,

She saw Jesus wracked with torment,

All with scourges rent:


She beheld her tender Child,

Saw Him hang in desolation,

Till His spirit forth He sent.


O thou Mother! fount of love!

Touch my spirit from above,

make my heart with thine accord:


Make me feel as thou hast felt;

make my soul to glow and melt

with the love of Christ my Lord.


Holy Mother! pierce me through,

in my heart each wound renew

of my Savior crucified:


Let me share with thee His pain,

who for all my sins was slain,

who for me in torments died.


Let me mingle tears with thee,

mourning Him who mourned for me,

all the days that I may live:


By the Cross with thee to stay,

there with thee to weep and pray,

is all I ask of thee to give.


Virgin of all virgins blest!,

Listen to my fond request:

let me share thy grief divine;


Let me, to my latest breath,

in my body bear the death

of that dying Son of thine.


Wounded with His every wound,

steep my soul till it hath swooned,

in His very Blood away;


Be to me, O Virgin, nigh,

lest in flames I burn and die,

in His awful Judgment Day.


Christ, when Thou shalt call me hence,

be Thy Mother my defense,

be Thy Cross my victory;


While my body here decays,

may my soul Thy goodness praise,

Safe in Paradise with Thee.


– Translation by Edward Caswall, Lyra Catholica (1849)


Musical settings


Main category: Stabat Mater settings

Notable composers who have written settings of the Stabat Mater include:




  • Stabat Mater by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (~1590)


  • Stabat Mater by Antonio Vivaldi (1712)


  • Stabat Mater by Domenico Scarlatti (1715)


  • Stabat Mater by Alessandro Scarlatti (1723)


  • Stabat Mater by Antonio Caldara (~1725)


  • Stabat Mater by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1736)


  • Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden, a parody by Johann Sebastian Bach of Pergolesi's Stabat (~1745/1747)


  • Stabat Mater by Joseph Haydn (1767)


  • Stabat Mater by Luigi Boccherini (1781, 1801)


  • Stabat Mater by Franz Schubert (G minor, 1815)


  • Stabat Mater by Franz Schubert (F minor, 1816)


  • Stabat Mater by Gioachino Rossini (1831–1841), written after retiring from the composition of opera


  • Stabat Mater by Franz Liszt, as part of the oratorio Christus (1862–1866)


  • Stabat Mater by Antonín Dvořák, written when he was still active in writing secular music (1876–1877) and after the deaths of his young children


  • Stabat Mater by Giuseppe Verdi (1896–1897)


  • Stabat Mater by Karol Szymanowski (1925–1926)


  • Stabat Mater by Francis Poulenc (1950)


  • Stabat Mater by Arvo Pärt (1985)


Franz Schubert composed two settings of the sequence, the G minor setting and the F minor setting.


Others, not listed above, include:



  • Vavox & Andreas Scholl by Vavox, October 14, 2015

  • Metropolitan Hilarion (Grigoriy Valerievich Alfeyev)

  • the black metal band Anorexia Nervosa


  • Emanuele d'Astorga (1707)


  • Nicola Fago (1719)


  • Nicola Logroscino (1760)


  • Tommaso Traetta (1770)


  • Pasquale Cafaro (1784)

  • Paul Bebenek[citation needed]


  • Franz Ignaz Beck (1782)


  • Lennox Berkeley (1947)

  • John Browne

  • Giovanni Paisiello

  • Saverio Mercadante


  • Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1680)

  • Giovanni Carlo Maria Clari


  • Peter Cornelius (1849)


  • Bruno Coulais (2005)


  • Johann Nepomuk David (1927)

  • Pedro de Escobar

  • the symphonic metal band Epica, on the live albums The Classical Conspiracy and Retrospect


  • Frank Ferko (1999)

  • Charles Gounod

  • Herbert Howells


  • Karl Jenkins (2008)

  • Zoltán Kodály

  • Toivo Kuula (1919)[8]


  • Trond Kverno (1991)

  • Lanza[citation needed]


  • Orlande de Lassus (1585)


  • Stefano Lentini included in the film The Grandmasters by Wong Kar-Wai.

  • Christophe Looten


  • Pawel Lukaszewski (1994)


  • Stabat Mater, ballet by Peter Martins


  • Vladimir Martynov (1994)


  • Paul Mealor (2009 - Revised 2010)

  • Neukomm[citation needed]


  • Knut Nystedt (1986)


  • George Oldroyd (1922)

  • Stephen Paulus

  • Krzysztof Penderecki

  • Lorenzo Perosi

  • Charles Villiers Stanford

  • Josquin des Prez

  • Josef Rheinberger


  • Giovanni Felice Sances (1643)


  • Agostino Steffani (1727)

  • František Tůma


  • Vladimír Godár (2001)


  • Franco Simone (2014)


  • Tõnu Kõrvits (2014) written for The Sixteen

  • Vito[citation needed]

  • Winter[citation needed]


  • James MacMillan (2015)[9]

  • Alberto Schiavo (2016)


Most of the settings are in Latin, but Karol Szymanowski's and Paul Bebenek's are in Polish, although Szymanowski's may also be sung in Latin. George Oldroyd's setting is in Latin but includes an English translation for Anglican/Episcopalian use. The Alfeyev setting is in Russian.



See also


  • Roman Catholic Mariology


References





  1. ^ Sabatier, Paul Life of St. Francis Assisi Charles Scribner Press, NY, 1919, page 286


  2. ^ The seven great hymns of the Mediaeval Church by Charles Cooper Nott 1868 ASIN: B003KCW2LA page 96


  3. ^ p. 574, Alighieri, Durling, Martinez (2003) Dante, Robert M., Ronald L. Oxford The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri: Purgatorio Volume 2 of The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri Oxford University Press. "The Stabat Mater by the Franciscan Jacopone da Todi."


  4. ^ Stabat Mater, Volume 68 by Girolamo Abos, Joseph Vella Bondin 2003 .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
    ISBN 0-89579-531-0 page xviii [1]


  5. ^ Cesarino Ruini, "Un antico versione dello Stabat Mater in un graduale delle Domenicane bolognesi," Deo è lo scrivano ch’el canto à ensegnato: Segni e simboli nella musica al tempo di Iacopone, Atti del Convegno internazionale, Collazzone, 7-8 luglio 2006, ed. Ernesto Sergio Mainoldi and Stefania Vitale, Philomusica On-line, 9, no. 3 (2010).


  6. ^ Catholic encyclopedia


  7. ^ Heartz, Daniel (1995). Haydn, Mozart and the Viennese School: 1740-1780. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 305. ISBN 0-393-03712-6. Retrieved 3 April 2011.


  8. ^ "Kuula - The ultimate Stabat Mater site". The ultimate Stabat Mater site. Retrieved 2018-04-06.


  9. ^ "James MacMillan - Stabat Mater". Boosey & Hawkes. Retrieved 2017-04-14.




  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Stabat Mater". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.


External links







  • Website about (now) 250 different Stabat Mater compositions: information about the composers, the music and the text. The site also includes translations of the text in 20 languages.

  • Several English translations

  • Chant performed by "Exsurge Domine" vocal ensemble.


  • Karol Szymanowski's "Stabat Mater". Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra. Thomas Dausgaard, conductor. Live concert.




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