Ruminantia





































Ruminantia
Temporal range: Early Eocene - present


White-tailed deer.jpg

White-tailed deer

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Artiodactyla

Clade:
Ruminantiamorpha
Spaulding et al., 2009
Suborder:
Ruminantia
Scopoli, 1777
Families


  • Tragulidae

  • Moschidae

  • Cervidae

  • Giraffidae

  • Antilocapridae

  • Bovidae



Ruminantia is a taxon within the order Artiodactyla that includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing mammals: among them cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope. All members of the Ruminantia employ foregut fermentation and are ruminants: they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the semidigested cud to rechew it and thus extract the maximum possible food value.



Evolution


Ruminantiamorpha is a total clade of artiodactyls defined, according to Spaulding et al., as "Ruminantia plus all extinct taxa more closely related to extant members of Ruminantia than to any other living species."[1] Spaulding grouped some genera of the family Anthracotheriidae within Ruminantiamorpha (but not in Ruminantia), but placed others within Ruminantiamorpha's sister clade, Cetancodontamorpha.


The Tragulidae are the basal family in Ruminantia.[2]


The ancestral Ruminantia karyotype is 2n = 48, similar to that of cetartiodactyls.[2]


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   Artiodactyla   












 

 Tylopoda
 
   Artiofabula   












 

 Suina    
 
   Cetruminantia   












 

 Ruminantia
 
   Whippomorpha   












 

 Hippopotamidae
 
 

 Cetacea
 
 
 
 
 


  • ORDER ARTIODACTYLA

    • Suborder Suina: pigs and peccaries

    • Suborder Tylopoda: camels and llamas, 7 living species in 3 genera

    • Suborder Cetruminantia: ruminants, whales and hippos

      • unranked Ruminantia

        • Infraorder Tragulina (paraphyletic)

          • Family †Prodremotheriidae

          • Family †Hypertragulidae

          • Family †Praetragulidae

          • Family †Protoceratidae[1]

          • Family Tragulidae: chevrotains, 6 living species in 4 genera

          • Family †Archaeomerycidae

          • Family †Lophiomerycidae



        • Infraorder Pecora

          • Family Cervidae: deer and moose, 49 living species in 16 genera

          • Family †Gelocidae

          • Family †Palaeomerycidae

          • Family †Hoplitomerycidae

          • Family †Climacoceratidae

          • Family Giraffidae: giraffe and okapi, 2 living species in 2 genera

          • Family Antilocapridae: pronghorn, one living species in one genus

          • Family †Leptomerycidae[1]

          • Family Moschidae: musk deer, 4 living species in one genus

          • Family Bovidae: cattle, goats, sheep, and antelope, 143 living species in 53 genera








Not all ruminants belong to the Ruminantia.[3][verification needed]Tylopoda (such as camels, which chew a cud) and Hippopotamidae (such as hippopotami, which do not chew a cud) are classified as pseudoruminants.[3] A number of other large grazing mammals, e.g. horses and kangaroos, employ hindgut fermentation as an adaptation for surviving on large quantities of low-grade food.


The digestive system of ruminants is composed of:[4]



  • Mouth

  • Tongue

  • Esophagus


  • Stomach

    • Rumen

    • Reticulum

    • Omasum

    • Abomasum




  • Liver (attached gland)


  • Pancreas (attached gland)

  • Large intestine

  • Small intestine

  • Rectum

  • Anus







  • Bovine buccal cavity (upper and lower parts).







  • Bovine duodenal papilla.







  • Goat liver.







  • Ovine stomach.







  • Sheep liver.







  • Didactic model of a bovine Rumen and Reticulum.







  • Didactic model of a bovine omasum and abomasum.







  • Bovine liver.







References





  1. ^ abc "Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution". PLoS ONE. 4 (9): e7062. 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062. PMC 2740860. PMID 19774069..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab Kulemzina AI, Yang F, Trifonov VA, Ryder OA, Ferguson-Smith MA, Graphodatsky AS (2011) Chromosome painting in Tragulidae facilitates the reconstruction of Ruminantia ancestral karyotype. Chromosome Res.


  3. ^ ab Whistler, D. P. and S. D. Webb. 2005. New goatlike camelid from the late Pliocene of Tecopa Lake Basin, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 503:1-40.


  4. ^ "Ruminant anatomy and physiology : Dairy Extension : University of Minnesota Extension". www.extension.umn.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-08.




External links



  • Wikisource "Ruminantia". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.










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