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The first woodcut manhwa, published in 1908

Manhwa (Hangul: 만화, Hanja: 漫畫 Korean pronunciation: [manhwa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoons). Outside Korea, the term usually refers to South Korean comics,^[1] although the comics industry is emerging in North Korea as well.^[2]

History of the term

Linguistically, 漫画 (manga), 漫画 (manhua), and 만화 (漫畫 manhwa) all mean comics in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean respectively. The Korean term 만화 (漫畫 manhwa), along with the Japanese term 漫画 (manga), is a cognate of the Chinese phrase manhua (literally:"impromptu sketches").^[3] Their current use is largely explained by the international success of the Japanese manga. Although in a traditional sense, in these languages the terms manga/manhua/manhwa had a similar meaning of comical drawing in a broad way, nowadays the term generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. The author or artist of a manhwa is called a manhwaga (만화가, 漫畫家).

Adaptation of term

The relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word "manhwa" to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking world.^{[citation needed]} Instead, English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa are often marketed as "manga."^{[citation needed]}

Webtoons

Webtoons first came into popularity in the early 2000's due to their free access and availability on the internet. Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.^[4] This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

Korean manhwa publishers

• Daewon C.I.


• Haksan Culture Company


• Seoul Culture Corporation


• Shinwon Agency Corporation

Manhwa in the United States

Sanho Kim was the first manhwa artist working in the States. During the 60s and 70s, he worked for publishers Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications and Marvel Comics.^[5]

According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original manhwas in the United States.^[6]

Due to the explosion of manga's popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.^[7] Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media)^[8] and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular basecamp among the younger generation in Korea.

Direction of text

Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because hangul is normally written and read horizontally, although it can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.

North American manhwa imprints

• ADV Manga


• Dark Horse Manhwa


• DramaQueen


• DrMaster Publications


• Media Blasters


• Netcomics


• NBM ComicsLit


• Seven Seas Entertainment


• UDON's Korean Manhwa


• Yen Press

Animation and live-action adaptations

Animation based on Korean comics is still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong ("Palace" or "Princess Hours") in 2006 are prominent examples, as both have been counted as the best dramas of their respective years.^{[citation needed]}

In 2004, Blade of the Phantom Master was adapted into an animated film by a joint Korean-Japanese animation team.

SamBakZa produced There she is!! in 2006, which is about the developing relationship of a rabbit and a cat.

The Great Catsby, ran as an onstage musical in 2006. In 2007, the award-winning Korean webtoon was adapted into a live-action drama. The title was also planned to be adapted into a feature film in late 2007.^[9]

War of Money, a dramatized manhwa that aired in 2007, garnered much attention for its soundtrack and actors.

Priest, a manhwa by Hyung Min-woo that has been translated to English, was adapted into the 2011 American sci-fi action horror film of the same name by Screen Gems. Released in 2011,^[10] it was produced by Michael DeLuca, directed by Scott Stewart, and stars Paul Bettany as the title character.^[11][12]

Secretly, Greatly, a film based on a manhwa webtoon, became a top-grossing film in 2013.^[13][14][15]

See also

• List of manhwa


• Sunjung manhwa


• Myeongnang manhwa


• Manhwabang


• Culture of South Korea


• Korean Wave


• Korean animation


• Webtoon


• Video gaming in South Korea

References

• 
  Son Sang-ik (1999). 한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manwha 1) (in Korean). Sigongsa. ISBN 89-7259-890-9.
  


• 
  Hart, Christopher (2004). Manhwa mania : how to draw Korean comics. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X.
  


• 
  Kim Jinsu (2007-06-02). "개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 (The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa)" (in Korean). Chammalo.
  


• 
  만화 (in Korean). Empas/ Encyclopædia Britannica.
  


• 
  "Manhwa" (in Korean). Empas/ EncyKorea.
  


• 
  Sim Ji-hoon. "Korea Manhwa Museum". INISteel Webzine (in Korean).
  


• 
  Sugiyama, Rika (2004). Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua. New York: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8.
  

• 
  "Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004," Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004


• 
  "Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler," Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004


• 
  "Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist," Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004


• Manhwa site for "Demon Diary" (마왕일기)


• 
  "Infinity Studios and Manhwa," Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004


• Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity


• Cain, Geoffrey. "Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?" The Far Eastern Economic Review, November 6, 2009

Popular manhwa artists

• Hyung-tae Kim

Festivals

• Bucheon Manhwa Information Center


• Bucheon International Manhwa festival


• Seoul International Comics and Animation Festival


• Dong-a/LG International festival of comics and animation

Manhwa on mobiles

• Moonk Mobile Cartoon

Associations

• Cartoon & Animation Society in Korea


• Seoul Cartoon


• The Korean Cartoonist Association


• Korean Women Cartoonist Association


• Amateur Comics Association


• Korea Amateur Comic Land

Information and studies

• Korean Society of Cartoon & Animation Studies


• Seoul Animation Center


• Puchon Cartoon Information Center


• The Korea Society Manhwa Exhibit