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Open Society Foundations

Founded	April 1993; 25 years ago (1993-04)
Founder	George Soros
Location	New York City, New York, U.S.
Key people	George Soros, Chairman Patrick Gaspard, President Jonathan Soros, Global Advisory Board Member
Endowment	$19,590,570,302[1]
Website	www.opensocietyfoundations.org

Open Society Foundations (OSF), formerly the Open Society Institute, is an international grantmaking network founded by business magnate George Soros.^[2] Open Society Foundations financially support civil society groups around the world, with a stated aim of advancing justice, education, public health and independent media.^[3][4] The group's name is inspired by Karl Popper's 1945 book The Open Society and Its Enemies.^[5]

The OSF has branches in 37 countries,^[6] encompassing a group of country and regional foundations, such as the Open Society Initiative for West Africa, and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa; its headquarters are in New York City. In 2018, OSF announced it was closing its European office in Budapest and moving to Berlin, in response to legislation passed by the Hungarian Government targeting the foundation's activities.^[7] Since its establishment in 1993, OSF has reported expenditures in excess of $11 billion mostly in grants towards NGOs, aligned with the organisation's mission.^[8]

In January 2019, Soros called China's Xi Jinping the most dangerous enemy of free societies, saying: "China is not the only authoritarian regime in the world but it is the wealthiest, strongest and technologically most advanced" and "present an unacceptable security risk for the rest of the world".^[9][10]

History

On May 28, 1984, Soros signed a contract between the Soros Foundation (New York) and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the founding document of the Soros Foundation Budapest.^[11] This was followed by several foundations in the region to help countries move away from communism.^[12]

In 1991 the foundation merged with the Fondation pour une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne, an affiliate of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, created in 1966 to imbue 'non-conformist' Eastern European scientists with anti-totalitarian and capitalist ideas.^[13]

Open Society Institute was created in the United States in 1993 to support the Soros foundations in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.^[6]

In August 2010, it started using the name Open Society Foundations (OSF) to better reflect its role as a benefactor for civil society groups in countries around the world.^[14]

Soros believes there can be no absolute answers to political questions because the same principle of reflexivity applies as in financial markets.^[15]

In 2012, Christopher Stone joined the OSF as the second president. He replaced Aryeh Neier, who served as president from 1993 to 2012.^[16] Stone announced in September 2017 that he was stepping down as president.^[17] In January 2018, Patrick Gaspard was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations.^[18]

In 2016, the OSF was reportedly the target of a cyber security breach. Documents and information reportedly belonging to the OSF were published by a website. The cyber security breach has been described as sharing similarities with Russian-linked cyberattacks that targeted other institutions, such as the Democratic National Committee.^[19]

In 2017, Soros transferred $18 billion to the Foundation.^[20]

Activities

George Soros at a talk in Malaysia

The Open Society Foundations reported annual expenditures of $827 million in 2014.^[21] Its $873 million budget in 2013, ranked as the second largest private philanthropy budget in the United States, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation budget of $3.9 billion.^[22]

According to the foundations' website, 1993–2014 expenditures included:^[21]

• $2.9 billion to defend human rights, especially the rights of women; ethnic, racial, and religious minorities; drug users; sex workers; and LGBTQ communities;


• $2.1 billion for education;


• $1.6 billion on developing democracy in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union;


• $1.5 billion in the United States to promote reform in criminal justice, drug policy, palliative care, education, immigration, equal rights, and democratic governance;


• $737 million for public health issues such as HIV and AIDS, TB, palliative care, harm reduction, and patients' rights;


• $214 million to advance the rights of Roma communities in Europe.

Expenditures in 2014 included:^[21]

• $277.3 million - Rights and Justice


• $238.0 million - Governance and Accountability


• $116.0 million - Administration


• $91.7 million - Education and Youth


• $60.0 million - Health


• $43.8 million - Media and Information.

Within these totals, OSF reported granting at least $33 million to civil rights and social justice organizations in the United States.^[23] This funding included groups such as the Organization for Black Struggle and Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment that supported protests in the wake of the shooting of Trayvon Martin, the death of Eric Garner, the shooting of Tamir Rice and the shooting of Michael Brown.^[24][25][26] According to the Center for Responsive Politics, the OSF spends much of its resources on democratic causes around the world, and has also contributed to groups such as the Tides Foundation.^[27]

OSF has been a major financial supporter of U.S. immigration reform, including a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants.^[28]

OSF projects have included the National Security and Human Rights Campaign and the Lindesmith Center, which conducted research on drug reform.^[3]

The Library of Congress Soros Foundation Visiting Fellows Program was initiated in 1990.^[29][30]

Reception and influence

In 2007, Nicolas Guilhot (a senior research associate of CNRS) wrote in Critical Sociology that the Open Society Foundations serve to perpetuate institutions that reinforce the existing social order, as the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation have done before them. Guilhot argues that control over the social sciences by moneyed interests has depoliticized this field and reinforced a capitalist view of modernization.^[31]

An OSF effort in 2008 in the African Great Lakes region aimed at spreading human rights awareness among prostitutes in Uganda and other nations in the area was not received well by the Ugandan authorities, who considered it an effort to legalize and legitimize prostitution.^[32]

Open Society Foundation has been criticized in pro-Israel editorials, Tablet Magazine, Arutz Sheva and Jewish Press, for including funding for the activist groups Adalah and I'lam, which they say are anti-Israel and support the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions. Among the documents released by DCleaks, an OSF report reads "For a variety of reasons, we wanted to construct a diversified portfolio of grants dealing with Israel and Palestine, funding both Israeli Jewish and PCI (Palestinian Citizens of Israel) groups as well as building a portfolio of Palestinian grants and in all cases to maintain a low profile and relative distance—particularly on the advocacy front."^[33][34][35]

NGO Monitor, an Israeli NGO, produced a report which says, "Soros has been a frequent critic of Israeli government policy, and does not consider himself a Zionist, but there is no evidence that he or his family holds any special hostility or opposition to the existence of the state of Israel. This report will show that their support, and that of the Open Society Foundation, has nevertheless gone to organizations with such agendas." The report says its objective is to inform OSF, claiming: "The evidence demonstrates that Open Society funding contributes significantly to anti-Israel campaigns in three important respects:

1. Active in the Durban strategy;


2. Funding aimed at weakening United States support for Israel by shifting public opinion regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Iran;


3. Funding for Israeli political opposition groups on the fringes of Israeli society, which use the rhetoric of human rights to advocate for marginal political goals."

The report concludes, "Yet, to what degree Soros, his family, and the Open Society Foundation are aware of the cumulative impact on Israel and of the political warfare conducted by many of their beneficiaries is an open question."^[36]

In 2015, Russia banned the activities of the Open Society Foundations on its territory, declaring "It was found that the activity of the Open Society Foundations and the Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation represents a threat to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the security of the state".^[37]

In 2017, Open Society Foundations and other NGOs that promote open government and help refugees have been targeted for crackdowns by authoritarian governments who have been emboldened by encouraging signals from the Trump Administration. Several politicians in eastern Europe, including Liviu Dragnea in Romania and typically right-wing figures Szilard Nemeth in Hungary, Macedonia's Nikola Gruevski, who called for a "de-Sorosization" of society, and Poland's Jaroslaw Kaczynski, who has said that Soros-funded groups want "societies without identity", regard many of the NGO groups to be irritants at best, and threats at worst.^[38] Some of those Soros-funded advocacy groups in the region say the renewed attacks are harassment and intimidation, which became more open after the election of Donald Trump in the United States. Stefania Kapronczay of the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, which receives half of its funding from Soros-backed foundations, claims that Hungarian officials are "testing the waters" in an effort to see "what they can get away with."^[38]

In May 2018, Open Society Foundations announced they will move its office from Budapest to Berlin, amid Hungarian government interference.^[39][40][41]

In November 2018, Open Society Foundations announced they are ceasing operations in Turkey and closing their İstanbul and Ankara offices due to "false accusations and speculations beyond measure", amid pressure from Turkish government and governmental interference through detainment of Turkish intellectuals and liberal academics claimed to be associated with the foundation and related NGOs, associations and programmes.^[42][43][44]

See also

• Alliance for Open Society International


• Budapest Open Access Initiative


• Central European University


• Open Society Archives


• Open Society Institute-Baltimore


• Colour revolution


• DOAJ


• Open society


• Transparency International


• Transparify

References

Further reading

• 
  Carothers, Thomas (1999), Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.


• 
  Krizsán, Andrea; Zentai, Viola, eds. (2003). Reshaping Globalization: Multilateral Dialogues and New Policy Initiatives. Budapest: Central European University Press..


• 
  Miniter, Richard (September 9, 2011), "Should George Soros be allowed to buy US foreign policy?", Forbes, Soros, through foundations and his Open Society Institutes, pours some $500 million per year into organizations in the former Soviet world... And Soros gets results. Through strategic donations, Soros helped bring down the communist government in Poland, toppled Serbia's bloodstained strongman Slobodan Milosevic, and fueled the "Rose Revolution" in Georgia. Soros has also funded opposition parties in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Croatia, Georgia, and Macedonia, helping them into either power or prominence. All of these countries were once Russian allies..


• 
  Palley, Thomas (2003), "The Open Institute and Global Social Policy", Global Social Policy, 3 (1): 17–18, doi:10.1177/1468018103003001312.


• 
  Roelofs, Joan (2003), Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism, Albany: SUNY.


• 
  Stone, Diane (2010), Transnational Philanthropy or Policy Transfer? The Transnational Norms of the Open Society Institute, Policy and Politics, 38 (2), pp. 269–87.


• 
  Diane Stone Knowledge actors and transnational governance: The private-public policy nexus in the global agora, Palgrave Mcmillan 2013


• 
  Stone, Diane (July 2007). "Market Principles, Philanthropic Ideals and Public Service Values: The Public Policy Program at the Central European University". PS: Political Science and Politics: 545–51. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15.
  


• 
  Peizer, Jonathan (2005), "The Internet Program: Web Surfing a Revolution", The Dynamics of Technology for Social Change, Ingram Book Group, pp. 1–26.

External links

• Open Society Foundations official website


• Open Society archives