Padang




This article is about the city in Indonesia. For other uses, see Padang (disambiguation).



City in West Sumatra, Indonesia






































































Padang
City
City of Padang
Kota Padang
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawi
 ڤادڠ


Indahnya Kota Padangku.jpg


Adityawarman Museum.JPG

Teluk Bayur Harbour1.jpg



Tour de Singkarak 2013 (2).jpg

Masjid Raya Sumbar Ramadan 2018.jpg


Pantai Padang 2018.jpg


From top, left to right:

Downtown Padang, Adityawarman Museum, Port of Teluk Bayur, Tour de Singkarak, Grand Mosque of West Sumatra, and Padang Beach


Official seal of Padang
Seal

Location within West Sumatra
Location within West Sumatra




Padang is located in Sumatra

Padang

Padang



Location in Sumatra and Indonesia

Show map of Sumatra



Padang is located in Indonesia

Padang

Padang



Padang (Indonesia)

Show map of Indonesia

Coordinates: 0°57′0″S 100°21′11″E / 0.95000°S 100.35306°E / -0.95000; 100.35306Coordinates: 0°57′0″S 100°21′11″E / 0.95000°S 100.35306°E / -0.95000; 100.35306
Country
 Indonesia
Province
Coat of arms of West Sumatra.svg West Sumatra
Founded 7 August 1669
Government

 • Mayor Mahyeldi Ansharullah
Area

 • Total 695 km2 (268 sq mi)
Elevation

 0-1,853 m (0-6,079 ft)
Population
(2016)

 • Total 914,970[1]
 • Density 1,438.98/km2 (3,726.9/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Padangnese
Time zone
UTC+7 (WIB)
Area code(s) +62 751
Climate Af
Website www.padang.go.id

Padang (Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈpadaŋ] Jawi: .mw-parser-output .script-arabic,.mw-parser-output .script-Arab{font-family:Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh",Harmattan,"Arabic Typesetting","Traditional Arabic","Simplified Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Sakkal Majalla","Microsoft Uighur",Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}ڤادڠ) is the capital of the province of West Sumatra in Indonesia. With an area of 695 square kilometres (268 sq mi) and a population of 914,970 in 2016, it is the 10th-most populated urban centres in Indonesia, the most populated city on Sumatra's western coast, and fourth-most populated city on Sumatra.[2]


The city had historically been a trading center since the pre-colonial era, trading in pepper and gold. The Dutch made contact with the city in the mid 17th century, eventually constructing a fortress and taking over control of the city from the Pagaruyung Kingdom. Save several interruptions of British rule, Padang remained part of the Dutch East Indies as one of its major cities until Indonesian independence.[3]




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Geography


    • 2.1 Climate




  • 3 Governance


    • 3.1 Administrative districts


    • 3.2 Adipura award




  • 4 Culture


    • 4.1 Cuisine




  • 5 Tourism


    • 5.1 Landmarks


    • 5.2 Beaches and parks


    • 5.3 Shopping




  • 6 Sports


  • 7 Infrastructure


    • 7.1 Public transport


    • 7.2 Airport


    • 7.3 Seaport


    • 7.4 Toll road


    • 7.5 Railroad


    • 7.6 Tsunami shelter




  • 8 Education


  • 9 Sister cities and twin towns


  • 10 See also


  • 11 References


    • 11.1 Notes




  • 12 External links





History



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Historical Affiliations


Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg Dutch East India 1663-1781

Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg British Empire 1781-1784
Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg Dutch East India 1784-1795
United KingdomBritish Empire 1795-1819
NetherlandsDutch East Indies 1819-1942
Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Japanese occupation 1942-1945


IndonesiaRepublic of Indonesia 1945-present




Padang circa 1795




Padang, 1859


Padang has been a trade centre since the 16th century, having been controlled by the Pagaruyung Kingdom and the Aceh Sultanate.[4] During the 16th and 17th centuries pepper was cultivated and traded with India, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In 1663 the city came under the authority of the Dutch and a trading post was built in 1680. The city came under the British Empire twice, firstly from 1781 to 1784 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1819 the city was transferred back to the Netherlands. Up to circa 1780 the most important trade product was gold originating from gold mines in the region. When the mines were exhausted, the focus turned to other products such as coffee, salts and textiles.


In 1797 Padang was inundated by a tsunami with an estimated flow depth of 5–10 meters, following an earthquake, estimated to be 8.5–8.7 Mw, which occurred off the coast. The shaking caused considerable damage and the deaths of two people, while the tsunami resulted in several houses being washed away and several deaths at the village of Air Manis. Boats moored in the Arau river ended up on dry land, including a 200-ton sailing ship which was deposited about 1 kilometre upstream. In 1833 another tsunami inundated Padang with an estimated flow depth of 3–4 meters as a result of an earthquake, estimated to be 8.6–8.9 Mw, which occurred off Bengkulu. The shaking caused considerable damage in Padang, and due to the tsunami boats moored in the Arau river broke their anchors and were scattered.[5]


The population of Padang in 1920 was 28,754, the second largest city in Sumatra behind Palembang.[6] At the time of independence in the 1940s the city had around 50,000 inhabitants. Coffee was still important, but copra was also a major item produced by farmers in its hinterland. The population growth since then has been partly a result of growth in the area of the city, but largely is a result of the migration to major cities seen in so many developing nations. From 1950 the Ombilin coal field developed with Padang as its outlet port. This was seen by some observers as reflecting the economic and political colonisation of Indonesia.


On 30 September 2009, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit about 50 kilometres off the coast of Padang. There were more than 1,100 fatalities, 313 of which occurred within Padang.[7][8][9]



Geography


The city of Padang is located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra, with a total area of 694.96 km2, equivalent to 1.65% of the area of West Sumatra.[10] More than 60% of the area of Padang is in the form of hills covered by protection forests. Only around 205.007 km2 of the territory is an urban area.[11] The hills stretch in the east and south of the city. The notable hills in Padang include Lampu Hill, Mount Padang, Gado-Gado Hill, and Pegambiran Hill. The city of Padang has a coastline of 68.126 km on the mainland of Sumatra. In addition, there are also 19 small islands, including Sikuai Island with an area of 4.4 ha in Bungus Teluk Kabung Subdistrict, Toran Island covering 25 ha and Pisang Gadang Island in Padang Selatan Subdistrict.[12][13]



Climate


Padang features a tropical rainforest climate under Köppen’s climate classification. Padang is one of Indonesia’s wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year. The city averages roughly 4300 mm of rain per year. Padang’s driest month is February, where 250 mm of precipitation on average is observed. The city temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year, with an average of 26 degrees Celsius. Padang has 21 rivers, with the longest being Batang Kandis with a length of 20 km. In 1980 two-thirds of the city was flooded because the city's drainage which primarily empties to Batang Arau could not contain the water.[14]






































































































































Climate data for Padang
Month
 Jan
 Feb
 Mar
 Apr
 May
 Jun
 Jul
 Aug
 Sep
 Oct
 Nov
 Dec
 Year
Record high °C (°F)
 33.9
(93.0)
 34.4
(93.9)
 33.9
(93.0)
 33.3
(91.9)
 33.9
(93.0)
 33.9
(93.0)
 33.3
(91.9)
 33.3
(91.9)
 32.8
(91.0)
 33.3
(91.9)
 32.8
(91.0)
 32.8
(91.0)
 34.4
(93.9)
Average high °C (°F)
 30.6
(87.1)
 31.7
(89.1)
 31.7
(89.1)
 31.7
(89.1)
 32.2
(90.0)
 32.2
(90.0)
 31.7
(89.1)
 32.2
(90.0)
 32.2
(90.0)
 31.7
(89.1)
 31.1
(88.0)
 30.6
(87.1)
 31.6
(88.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
 27.0
(80.6)
 27.0
(80.6)
 27.0
(80.6)
 27.2
(81.0)
 27.5
(81.5)
 27.0
(80.6)
 25.0
(77.0)
 25.0
(77.0)
 26.7
(80.1)
 26.7
(80.1)
 26.7
(80.1)
 26.7
(80.1)
 26.6
(79.9)
Average low °C (°F)
 23.3
(73.9)
 24.4
(75.9)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.3
(73.9)
 23.3
(73.9)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.9
(75.0)
 23.8
(74.8)
Record low °C (°F)
 21.1
(70.0)
 20.6
(69.1)
 21.1
(70.0)
 21.7
(71.1)
 21.7
(71.1)
 20.0
(68.0)
 21.1
(70.0)
 20.6
(69.1)
 21.1
(70.0)
 21.1
(70.0)
 21.1
(70.0)
 21.1
(70.0)
 20.0
(68.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
 351
(13.8)
 259
(10.2)
 307
(12.1)
 363
(14.3)
 315
(12.4)
 307
(12.1)
 277
(10.9)
 348
(13.7)
 352
(13.9)
 495
(19.5)
 518
(20.4)
 480
(18.9)
 4,172
(164.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
 175
 181
 175
 188
 200
 206
 200
 186
 136
 135
 167
 167
 2,116
Source #1: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[15]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[16][a]


Governance


By 2007 the city government began a number of religiously motivated policies. One requires females of all religious backgrounds who are municipal employees and students in government schools to wear jilbab (hijab), and high school students now take classes on reading the Qur'an. Municipal employees are required to pay zakat.[17]



Administrative districts




Map showing the 11 districts of Padang
































































Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1819 8,500 —    
1874 25,000 +194.1%
1920 28,754 +15.0%
1930 40,744 +41.7%
1961 143,699 +252.7%
1971 350,277 +143.8%
1980 480,922 +37.3%
1990 631,263 +31.3%
2010 833,562 +32.0%
2013 876,678 +5.2%
2016 914,970 +4.4%

The city of Padang is divided into 11 districts (kecamatan):



  • Bungus Teluk Kabung

  • Koto Tangah

  • Kuranji

  • Lubuk Begalung

  • Lubuk Kilangan

  • Nanggalo

  • Padang Barat

  • Padang Selatan

  • Padang Timur

  • Padang Utara

  • Pauh



Adipura award


As of 2017, Padang had received the "Adipura" (cleanest and greenest city) award in the category of large city 18 times[18] and the "Adipura Kencana" award three times.[19]



Culture



Cuisine


Main article: Minangkabau cuisine

The cuisine of the Minangkabau people is commonly called Padang cuisine. Padang restaurants are common throughout the country and are famous for their spicy food. Padang food is usually cooked once per day, and all customers choose from those dishes, which are left out on display until no food is left. It is served in small portions of various dishes, but constituting, with rice, a complete meal. Customers take – and pay for – only what they want from this array of dishes. The best known Padang dish is rendang, a spicy meat stew. Soto Padang (crispy beef in spicy soup) is local residents' breakfast favourite, meanwhile sate (beef satay in curry sauce served with ketupat) is a treat in the evening.



Tourism




Old Town Padang


Padang is a common transit point for surfers travelling to Batu Islands and Mentawai Islands, and for tourists visiting the West Sumatran highlands. Padang beach (known as Taplau or Tapi Lauik) which located from Samudra Street until Puruih, is well known for its beautiful sunset and hundreds of food stalls. Kuranji River flows in Padang and on top area of the river at Batu Busuk, Lambung Bukit sub-district is suitable for white water activities. Bungus bay, to the south of Padang, is suitable for swimming and boating. There are some pleasant offshore islands near Bungus, such as Sikuai island and Pagang island. Many beautiful spots which can be visited for snorkelling, fishing or just relaxing on the white sandy beaches.


Currently, Regional Development Planning Board (Bappeda) of Padang has established development plans "Padang Old City" in Kampung Pondok, South Padang district as a tourist area.[20] Mayor of Padang has been designate 73 historic buildings as cultural heritage of Padang.[21]



Landmarks





Masjid Muhammadan, a historic mosque in Padang




Facade of Ganting Grand Mosque, 2013


There are many old buildings in Padang that still retain their Dutch and Chinese architecture. The old city of Padang, located next to Muaro Harbor at Arau River, which formerly functioned as the city's main commercial avenue. The old city was the former business district of Padang, there are many important buildings such as Padang City Hall, De Javaschebank (present-day Bank Indonesia), Nederlandsch Spaarbank, Geo Wehry & Co, Escompto Maatschappij Office, warehouses, and merchant houses.


There are several historic places such as Adityawarman Museum which specialises in the history and culture of the local Minangkabau ethnic group, and the main exhibits are housed within a Rumah Gadang style building. Grand Mosque of West Sumatra, a new modern large mosque that is built with Minangkabau architecture. The Mosque is located on Jalan Khatib Sulaiman, city centre of Padang. Ganting Grand Mosque, the oldest mosque in Padang and one of the oldest in Indonesia, is a popular tourist attraction. Muhammadan Mosque, founded by Indian merchant, is also located in the city centre. St. Leo Monastery features a mixture of traditional Minang architecture on its bell tower roofing and Dutch architecture on the church building, is one of the oldest churches in Padang. Along the beachside road, just down from the Tourist Information office is a Buddhist Temple, Vihara Buddha Warman, opened in 2006 for the large Chinese Buddhist community.



Beaches and parks


Air Manis Beach, sweet water beach is located 10 km south of Padang, location of the legendary Malin Kundang Stone. The rock formations are found which resemble ship wrecks. Across from the Arau River is the Siti Nurbaya Park which can reached by bridge or boat. There are still remains of Japanese cannons and bunkers from World War II. There are great views of Padang city, Arau River and the Indian Ocean. Bung Hatta Nature Reserve (Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta) is situated 18 km east of the city, with diverse flora and fauna including a few Sumatran tigers, tapirs, wild goats, bears, as well as Raflesia Gaduansi, Balangphora, and Amorphopalus.



Shopping


Padang also has some modern malls, the most popular malls are Transmart, Basko Grand Mall, SPR Plaza, Plaza Andalas, and Rocky Plaza. The upcoming malls in the city are Padang Landmark Mall and Padang Green City.



Sports


Padang is the home town of the soccer team Semen Padang, with Haji Agus Salim Stadium being the home stadium of the club. Padang is home to an annual international dragon boat competition.[22]



Infrastructure



Public transport


The TransPadang bus rapid transit service was developed used Jakarta's TransJakarta system as a model, but without a dedicated lane and comfortable shelters. Today Trans Padang runs only from Lubuk Buaya to Pasar Raya, a distance of 18 km, with a fleet of 10 large buses (capacity 60) and 15 medium buses (capacity 40). Daily passengers number 7,000, an increase from the initial ridership of 4,000. The load factor is 128% in the morning and evening rush hours.



Airport


The city is served by the newly opened Minangkabau International Airport in Ketaping, Padang Pariaman. It replaces the old Tabing Airport, which is currently used as a military base. There is one terminal building for both international and domestic flights. The airport has 4 aerobridges, 17 check-in counters, 5 baggage conveyors, and 9 ticket sales counters.[23] In late 2013, the runway was lengthened by 250 meters so that it could accommodate Boeing 747 and Airbus A340 planes. There is also connected airport to the city center with a train service.[24] A terminal expansion (Phase II) has been announced with the rendering already released on the Angkasa Pura 2 website.[25]



Seaport


Padang's Teluk Bayur harbour (the former Emmahaven Port) is the largest and busiest harbour on the west coast of Sumatra. It serves inter-island as well as international routes. It was built in 1888 by the colonial government of the Netherlands. On 29 April 2013 a new container terminal was officially opened by West Sumatra Governor which can hold more than 4,000 containers in 46,886 square-meter area.[26] The port is the main gateway to the Mentawai islands, including Siberut, Sipora, and South Pagai. There are also ferry connections between Padang to Jakarta and Sibolga next to Gunung Sitoli (Nias).



Toll road


West Sumatra administration has secured lands for the construction of a 28-kilometers toll road between Padang and Sicincin district with about Rp.1.3 trillion ($141.7 million) investment. It is a part of Padang-Pekanbaru toll road with a total length of 244 kilometers. 80 percent of the land with a width of 30 meters has been acquired, but they will acquire more land to meet an ideal width of 50 meters. The construction project has oficially began in February 2018.[27]



Railroad


Railroad tracks connect Padang to Pariaman to the north, Padangpanjang to the northeast, Solok and Sawahlunto to the east. The largest train station is Padang Station, known as Simpang Haru station. Sibinuang and Dang Tuanku provides the trip services from Padang (Simpang Haru) to Pariaman vice versa.



Tsunami shelter


Government and the people of Hill Pangilun has agreed to make Mount Pangilun as tsunami shelter. Better road access to the hill will be built, as well as temporary shelters, including their facilities.[28]



Education





Andalas University, Limau Manis campus


Minangkabau people highly respect education. Many intellectual figures come from West Sumatra. There are two institutes of higher education in Padang, i.e. Andalas University and the State University of Padang. Andalas University is the oldest university in Indonesia outside of Java. The main campus is located at Limau Manis, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the centre of Padang. The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry are located in the city centre, near the Central General Hospital M. Djamil. State University of Padang located in Air Tawar.


The other universities in Padang are Imam Bonjol State Institute of Islamic Literature, Institut Teknologi Padang in Lapai, Bung Hatta University in Ulak Karang, Baiturrahmah University in Air Pacah, Universitas Putra Indonesia YPTK, Ekasakti University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat, and Tamansiswa University.


The local library of West Sumatra, located in Padang is considered as one of the best Libraries in Indonesia, with the number of collection of 30 k titles, including facilities and maximum conserve, and the highest number of Encyclopedic visitors.























Formal education
 state and private Elementary School neither Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI)
 state and private Junior High (JHS) or MTs
 state and private SHS
 state and private MA
 state and private Vocational High School (VHS)
College
Quantity
 477
 129
 49
 10
 42
 58

Data sekolah di Kota Padang
Source:[29][30][31]


Sister cities and twin towns



































City
 Country

Hildesheim
Germany Germany

Vung Tau
Vietnam Vietnam

Beit Lahiya
State of Palestine Palestine

Chonburi
Thailand Thailand

Bandung
Indonesia Indonesia

Perth[32]
Australia Australia

Dubai[32]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates


See also



  • List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia


References





  1. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Padang


  2. ^ http://padangkota.bps.go.id Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Padang


  3. ^ http://www.kicc.jp Indonesia: Surabaya And Padang


  4. ^ Kathirithamby-Wells, J. (December 1969). "Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of Painan, 1663". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 10 (3). JSTOR 27651721..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  5. ^ Natawidjaja, D. H.; K. Sieh; M. Chlieh; J. Galetzka; B. W. Suwargadi; H. Cheng; R. L. Edwards; J.-P. Avouac; S. N. Ward (June 2006). "Source parameters of the great Sumatran megathrust earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral microatolls" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (B06403): B06403. Bibcode:2006JGRB..11106403N. doi:10.1029/2005JB004025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2010.


  6. ^ A.J. Gooszen; A Demographic History of the Indonesian Archipelago, 1880-1942; KITLV Press, 1999


  7. ^ Telly Nathalia (30 September 2009). "Indonesian quake toll at 100-200: disaster agency". Reuters. Retrieved 28 September 2011.


  8. ^ "Indonesia quake deaths pass 700". BBC. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.


  9. ^ B Kunto Wibisono (14 October 2009). "Number of fatalities in W Sumatra quake now 1,115". ANTARA News. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.


  10. ^ sumbar.bps.go.id Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Penduduk Kota Padang.


  11. ^ Kondisi Geografis Kota Padang


  12. ^ http://www.kp3k.dkp.go.id Kawasan Konservasi. Diakses pada 27 Juni 2010.


  13. ^ http://www.ppk-kp3k.dkp.go.id Profil Pulau Pisang Gadang. Diakses pada 27 Juni 2010.


  14. ^ Tempo. 10. Badan Usaha Jaya Press Jajasan Jaya Raya. 1980.


  15. ^ "Indonesia–Padang". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Retrieved 18 June 2015.


  16. ^
    "Station 96163: Mia Padang". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 June 2015.


  17. ^ Warburton, Eve (January–March 2007). "No longer a choice" (89 ed.). Inside Indonesia. Retrieved 2017-06-20.


  18. ^ "Setelah 8 Tahun, Kota Padang Kembali Raih Piala Adipura". Tempo.co. 2017.


  19. ^ "9 (Sembilan) Kota Sumatera Barat Meraih Penghargaan Adipura Tahun 2017". West Sumatra Province website.


  20. ^ http://sumbar.antaranews.com Padang Old City Defined as Tourism Object Archived 7 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine


  21. ^ "Kota Tua Padang". kotatuapadang.tumblr.com.


  22. ^ "Dragon Boat Races International". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008.


  23. ^ (Persero), PT Angkasa Pura II. "Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II". www.angkasapura2.co.id.


  24. ^ "Minangkabau Airport". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015.


  25. ^ "PT Angkasa Pura II (Persero)". www.angkasapura2.co.id.


  26. ^ "Teluk Bayur container terminal inaugurated". 30 April 2013.


  27. ^ The Development of Padang-Pekanbaru Toll has Officially Began


  28. ^ "Gunung Pangilun Ditetapkan Jadi Shelter". 30 April 2012.


  29. ^ http://www.diknas-padang.org Profil Sekolah.


  30. ^ http://www.padang.go.id Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine Dinas Pendidikan Archived 14 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine.


  31. ^ nisn.jardiknas.org Data Siswa[permanent dead link].


  32. ^ ab "Wako: Kerjasama Padang-Perth-Dubai Saling Menguntungkan". 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2015-12-27.




Notes





  1. ^ Station ID for Mia Padang is 96163 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration




External links








  • (in Indonesian) Official website


  • Padang travel guide from Wikivoyage

  • Informasi Padang

  • Informasi Minang











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