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Jin .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} 晉
4 February 266–10 July 420
The Jin Empire (yellow) at its greatest extent, c. 280 (Western Jin)
Capital	Luoyang (266–311) Chang'an (312–316) Jiankang (317–420)
Common languages	Middle Chinese
Religion	Buddhism, Daoism, Chinese folk religion
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 266–290 (first)	Emperor Wu of Jin
• 419–420 (last)	Emperor Gong of Jin
Chancellor
History
• Establishment	4 February 266
• Reunification of China under Jin rule	280
• Jin evacuates to region south of the Huai River, Eastern Jin begins	317
• Abdication to Liu Song	10 July 420
Area
280 (Western Jin peak)[1]	3,100,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)
347 (Eastern Jin peak)[1]	2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi)
Population
• 300	35,000,000
Currency	Chinese coin, Cash
Preceded by Succeeded by Wei (Three Kingdoms of China) Wu (Three Kingdoms of China) Sixteen Kingdoms Liu Song

Jin dynasty
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a tomb painting from Jiankang (Nanjing) now located in the Shaanxi Provincial Museum.
Traditional Chinese	晉朝
Simplified Chinese	晋朝
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jìn Cháo Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jinn Chaur Wade–Giles Chin4 Ch'ao2 IPA [tɕîn ʈʂʰǎu] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jeun3 Chiu4 IPA [tsɵ̄n tsʰȉːu] Jyutping Zeon3 Ciu4 Southern Min Tâi-lô Tsìn Tiâu Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Tsìn Djew
Sima Jin
Traditional Chinese	司馬晉
Simplified Chinese	司马晋
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sīmǎ Jìn Wade–Giles Ssu-ma Chin Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Si1ma5 Jeun3 IPA [síː ma̬ː tsɵ̄n]
Liang Jin
Traditional Chinese	兩晉
Simplified Chinese	两晋
Literal meaning	Two Jins
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Liǎng Jìn Wade–Giles Liang Chin Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leung2 Jeun3 IPA [lœ̌ːŋ tsɵ̄n]

Western Jin
The Jin Empire (yellow), c. 280 (Western Jin)
Traditional Chinese	西晉
Simplified Chinese	西晋
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xījìn Wade–Giles Hsi Chin Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sai1 Jeun3 IPA [sɐ́i tsɵ̄n]

Eastern Jin
The Jin Empire (yellow), c. 400 (Eastern Jin)
Traditional Chinese	東晉
Simplified Chinese	东晋
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dōngjìn Wade–Giles Tung Chin Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Dung1 Jeun3 IPA [tóŋ tsɵ̄n]

History of China
ANCIENT
Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2070 BC
Xia c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC
Shang c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC
Zhou c. 1046 – 256 BC
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn
Warring States
IMPERIAL
Qin 221–206 BC
Han 202 BC – 220 AD
Western Han
Xin
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin 265–420
Western Jin
Eastern Jin	Sixteen Kingdoms
Northern and Southern dynasties 420–589
Sui 581–618
Tang 618–907
(Second Zhou 690–705)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907–979	Liao 907–1125
Song 960–1279
Northern Song		Western Xia
Southern Song	Jin
Yuan 1271–1368
Ming 1368–1644
Qing 1636–1912
MODERN
Republic of China 1912–1949
People's Republic of China 1949–present
Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history
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The Jin dynasty or the Jin Empire (/dʒɪn/;^[2]Chinese: 晉朝; pinyin: Jìn Cháo, sometimes distinguished as the Sima Jin (司马晋) or Liang Jin) (两晋, "Two Jins") was a Chinese dynasty traditionally dated from 266 to 420. It was founded by Sima Yan, son of Sima Zhao, who was made Prince of Jin and posthumously declared the founder of the dynasty. It followed the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD), which ended with the conquest of Eastern Wu by the Jin.

There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The Western Jin (266–316) was established as a successor state to Cao Wei after Sima Yan usurped the throne, and had its capital at Luoyang or Chang'an (modern Xi'an); Western Jin reunited China in 280, but fairly shortly thereafter fell into a succession crisis, civil war, and invasion by the "Five Barbarians (Wu Hu)." The rebels and invaders began to establish new self-proclaimed states in the Yellow River valley in 304, inaugurating the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era. These states immediately began fighting each other and the Jin Empire, leading to the second division of the dynasty, the Eastern Jin (317–420) when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Eastern Jin dynasty was eventually overthrown by the Liu Song.

History

Molded-brick mural, identified as the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and Rong Qiqi", one of two walls apart of the coffin found in a tomb of the capital region of the Southern dynasties (5th-6th. c.), second half of the fifth century, at Xishanqiao, near Nanjing. 88 x 240 cm. Nanjing Museum. This part of the murals may reflect a composition of the famous Lu Tanwei, considered as the single greatest painter of all times by the Chinese critic Xi He (act. 500-536) : ref. from China : Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press 2004. We can recognize Ji Kang (223-262), on the left, under a gingko tree.

Hunping jar of the Western Jin, with Buddhist figures.

Under the Wei, who dominated China's Three Kingdoms period, the Sima clan rose to prominence, particularly after the 249 coup d'état at the Gaoping Tombs. Sima Zhao assisted the throne in suppressing other rebellions, recovering Shu and capturing Liu Shan in 263 and opposing Zhong Hui's rebellion the next year. His ambitions for the throne remain proverbial in Chinese but he died before he could rise higher than prince of Jin, a title named for the Zhou-era marchland and duchy around Shaanxi's Jin River. (He was granted the title as his ancestral home was located in Wen County within Jin's former lands.)

Founding

The Jin dynasty was founded in AD 266 by Sima Yan, posthumously known as Emperor Wu (the "Martial Emperor of Jin"). He forced Cao Huan's abdication but permitted him to live in honor as the Prince of Chenliu and buried him with imperial ceremony. The Jin dynasty conquered the Eastern Wu in 280, and united the country. The period of unity was short-lived as the state was soon weakened by corruption, political turmoil, and internal conflicts. Sima Yan's son Zhong, posthumously known as Emperor Hui (the "Benevolent Emperor of Jin"), was developmentally disabled.

Decline

Conflict over his succession in 290 expanded into the devastating War of the Eight Princes. The weakened dynasty was then engulfed by the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and lost control of northern China. Large numbers of Chinese fled south from the Central Plains; among other effects, these refugees and colonizers gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name as they settled its valley in Fujian. The Jin capital Luoyang was captured by Xiongnu King Liu Cong in 311. Sima Chi, posthumously known as Emperor Huai (the "Missing Emperor of Jin"), was captured and later executed. His successor Sima Ye, posthumously known as Emperor Min (the "Suffering Emperor of Jin"), was captured at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316 and also later executed.^[3]

Eastern Jin

The remnants of the Jin court fled to the east, reestablishing their government at Jiankang within present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu. Sima Rui, the prince of Langya (琅琊), was enthroned in 318, posthumously becoming known as Emperor Yuan (the "First Emperor of the Eastern Jin").^[3] The rival northern states, who denied the legitimacy of his succession, sometimes referred to his state as "Langya".

At first, the southerners were resistant to the new ruler from the north. The circumstances obliged the Emperors of Eastern Jin to depend on both local and refugee gentry clans, the latter convinced the former of the emperor enjoying high prestige by showing superficial respect to Rui, which was also the pinnacle of menfa politics (門閥政治), Several immigrated gentry clans were very active and they grasped the national affairs: Wang (王) clans from Langya and Taiyuan, Xie (謝) clan from Chenliu (陳留), Huan (桓) clan from Qiao Commandery (譙郡) and Yu (庾) clan from Yingchuan (潁川). The Emperors of Eastern Jin had limited power. There was a prevalent remark that "王與（司）馬，共天下 (Wang Dao and the emperor Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together)" among the people.^[4] It is said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Dao to sit by himself accepting jointly the congratulations from ministers, but Dao declined it.^[5]

The local gentry clans were at odds with the immigrated. As such tensions increased, they loomed larger in Jin's domestic politics. Two biggest ones of local clans: Zhou (周) clan from Yixing (義興) and Shen (沈) clan from Wuxing (吳興)'s ruin was a bitter blow from which they never quite recovered. Moreover, there was a conflict among the immigrated clans' interests, it was a faction led to a virtual balance somewhat benefited the emperor's ruling.

Although there was a stated goal of recovering the "lost northern lands", paranoia within the royal family and a constant string of disruptions to the throne caused the loss of support among many officials. Military crises—including the rebellions of the generals Wang Dun and Su Jun but also lesser fangzhen (方鎮, "military county") revolts—plagued the Eastern Jin throughout its 104 years of existence.

Special "commanderies of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive amount of northern origin Han Chinese who moved south during the Eastern Jin dynasty.^[6] The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring these migrants.^[7]Celestial Masters and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Eastern Jin and Western Jin in Jiangnan in particular.^[8] The most populous region of China was southern China after the depopulation of the north and the migration of northern Chinese to southern China.^[9][10] Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times resulted in distinct groups of lineages, with some lineages arriving in the 300s-400s and others in the 800s-900s.^[11]

The Eastern Jin recovered its unity in the face of the 383 invasion by the Former Qin. The short-lived coöperation among Huan Chong (brother of General Huan Wen) and Prime Minister Xie An helped provide a major victory at the Fei River. A large amount of Former Qin territory was then taken or retaken.

Demise

Later, Huan Xuan, Huan Wen's son, usurped the throne and changed the dynasty's name to Chu. He, in turn, was toppled by Liu Yu, who reinstated Sima Dezong, posthumously known as Emperor An (the "Peaceful Emperor of Jin"). Meanwhile, as civilian administration suffered, there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun; Western Shu became an independent kingdom under Qiao Zong. Liu Yu had Sima Dezong strangled and replaced by his brother Sima Dewen, posthumously known as Emperor Gong (the "Respectful Emperor of Jin"), in 419. Sima Dewen abdicated in 420 in favor of Liu Yu, who declared himself the ruler of the Song; he was asphyxiated with a blanket the following year. In the north, Northern Liang, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms, was conquered by the Northern Wei in 439, ushering in the Northern dynasties period.

The Xianbei Northern Wei accepted the Jin refugees Sima Fei (司馬朏) and Sima Chuzhi (司馬楚之). They both married Xianbei princesses. Sima Fei's wife was named Huayang (華陽公主), who was the daughter of Emperor Xiaowen; Sima Chuzhi's son was Sima Jinlong (司馬金龍), who married a Northern Liang princess who was a daughter of Xiongnu King Juqu Mujian.^[12] Much later, Sima Guang (1019–1086), who served as prime minister to the Song, claimed descent from the Jin dynasty (specifically, Sima Fu, brother of Sima Yi).

Government and demography

Menfa politics

Administrative divisions of Eastern Jin dynasty, as of 382 AD

Qiaoren and baiji

The uprising of the five barbarians led to one northerner in eight immigrated to the south. These immigrants were called "qiaoren (僑人, literally the lodged people)" accounting for one sixth the then people lived in the south. Considering most property of these refugees had been lost or exhausted as they arrived, they were privileged to be free from diao (調), a special poll tax was paid via the silken or cotton cloth etc. in the ancient China, and service. Their registers which bound in white papers were called baiji (白籍) in Chinese. The ordinary ones which bound in yellow papers were called huangji (黃籍) in comparison.

Since situation settled down, the preferential treatment not only was the heavy burden for the nation, but also aroused dissatisfaction from the natives. Hence, tu duan was an increasingly important issue for the Eastern Jin.

Lodged administrative divisions in Jin dynasty

The Eastern Jin court established the lodged administrative divisions in where were strongholds of qiaoren. More effective in administration for them was a realistic starting point for that. Consisting of three levels: qiaozhou (僑州, the lodged province), qiaojun (僑郡, the lodged commandery) and qiaoxian (僑縣, the lodged county), these lodged administrative divisions were merely nominal without possessing actual domain, or rather, they were local government in exile, what could scarcely be denied was their significance of Jin's legitimacy for the north territory as somewhat an announcement. Furthermore, it was also an action to appease refugees' homesickness or home town complex, evoking their desire to resume the lost.

During the Emperor Yuan, Emperor Ming and Emperor Cheng period, the lodged administrative divisions were concentrated in the area south of the Huai River and the Lower Yangtze Plain. At first there was the lodged Langya Commandery within lodged Fei County in Jiankang, but when it began was not exact. Then the lodged Huaide County was also established in Jiankang, around 320. According to the Book of Song:

晉永嘉大亂，幽、冀、青、並、兗州及徐州之淮北流民，相率過淮，亦有過江在晉陵郡界者……又徙流民之在淮南者于晉陵諸縣，其徙過江南及留在江北者，並立僑郡縣以司牧之。徐、兗二州或治江北，江北又僑立幽、冀、青、並四州……(After Disaster of Yongjia, the refugees from You, Ji, Qing, Bing, Yan and Xu provinces came across the Huai River, some even came across the Yangtze River and stayed in Jinling Commandery... The lodged administrative divisions were established to govern them. The seats of Xu and Yan provinces perhaps were moved to the area north of the Yangtze River, where the lodged You, Ji, Qing, Bing provinces were established.)^[13]

The lodged Pei, Qinghe, Xiapi, Dongguang, Pingchang, Jiyin, Puyang, Guangping, Taishan, Jiyang, Lu commanderies were stablished when Emperor Ming ruled. The rebellions and invasions occurred in Jianghuai area led to more refugees switched to settle in the south of the Yangtze River, where the lodged Huainan Commandery was established afterwards.

However, carrying out was more complex than the policy was formulated. Several actual counties were under the jurisdiction of the lodged commanderies.

A few lodged administrative divisions are still retained in China nowadays. For instance, Dangtu County was originally located in the area of Bengbu, however the lodged Dangtu County was established in where it is now, and the latter replaced the former, inheriting its place name.

Tu duan policy in Jin dynasty

The tu duan (土斷) is the abbreviation for yi tu duan (以土斷, means classifying people according to their present habitation to register). It was a policy to ensure the ancient hukou system working since the Western Jin. These terms were firstly recorded in the biographies of Wei Guan and Li Chong included in the Book of Jin:

今九域同規，大化方始，臣等以為宜皆蕩除末法，一擬古制，以土斷，定自公卿以下，皆以所居為正，無復懸客遠屬異土者。^[14]

然承魏氏凋弊之跡，人物播越，仕無常朝，人無定處，郎吏蓄於軍府，豪右聚於都邑，事體駁錯，與古不同。謂九品既除，宜先開移徙，聽相並就。且明貢舉之法，不濫於境外，則冠帶之倫將不分而自均，即土斷之實行矣。^[15]

Hence, it perhaps proposed initially by these two persons, but was implemented seriously in the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.

Society and culture

Material culture

Yue ware with motif, 3rd century CE, Western Jin, Zhejiang.

The Jin dynasty is well known for the quality of its greenish celadon porcelain wares, which immediately followed the development of proto-celadon. Jar designs often incorporated animal, as well as Buddhist, figures.^[16]

Examples of Yue ware are also known from the Jin dynasty.^[17]

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  Celadon lion-shaped bixie, Western Jin, 265–317 CE.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Celadon lian bowl with Buddhist figures, Western Jin, 265–317 CE.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Celadon jar, Eastern Jin, 317–420 CE.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Celadon jar with brown spots, Eastern Jin, 317-420 CE.
  

  
  

  
  


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  'Palace Lady' detail from 'Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies' (女史箴图), 344 - 405 AD
  

  
  

  
  

Religion

Taoism was polarized in the Jin dynasty. The Jin emperors repressed Taoists harshly, but also tried to exploit it, given the way it had been used near the end of the Han era in the poor peasants' revolts. Amidst the political turmoil of the era, many successful merchants, small landowners, and other moderately comfortable persons found great solace in Taoist teachings and a number of major clans and military officers also took up the faith. Ge Hong emphasized loyalty to the emperor as a Taoist virtue; he even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals,^[18] which made Taoism more palatable to the imperial hierarchy. As a result, popular Taoist religions were considered heterodoxy while the official schools of the court were supported, but the popular schools like Tianshi Taoism were still secretly held dear and promulgated amongst ordinary people.

Disunity, disintegration, and chaos also made Buddhism more popular, in part due to the focus on addressing suffering. The Jin dynasty marked a critical era for Mahayana in China. Dharmarakṣa’s translation of the Saddharmapundarika Sūtra was the most important sutra before Kumārajīva’s Lotus Sutra. It was said that there were 1,768 Buddhist temples in the Eastern Jin.^[19]

Furthermore, Taoism advanced chemistry and medicine in China, whereas the contribution of Mahayana was concentrated in the philosophy and literature.

List of emperors

Major events

• Battle of Fei River


• Butterfly Lovers


• War of the Eight Princes


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  Wu Hu people

See also

• Chinese sovereign


• Ge Hong


• List of tributaries of Imperial China


• Liu Song dynasty


• Northern dynasties


• Northern Wei dynasty


• Romance of the Three Kingdoms


• Six Dynasties


• Sixteen Kingdoms


• Southern dynasties

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jin dynasty (265-420).

• Chinese History, the Jin Dynasty 晉


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  Largest Jin Dynasty Tomb Discovered in NW China
  
  • 
    de Crespigny, Rafe. "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin a History of China in the Third Century AD" (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2016.