Chemical structure of salicylic acid, a common phenolic acid
Phenolic acids or phenolcarboxylic acids are types of aromatic acid compound. Included in that class are substances containing a phenolic ring and an organic carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleton). Two important naturally occurring types of phenolic acids are hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids, which are derived from non-phenolic molecules of benzoic and cinnamic acid, respectively.[1]
Contents
1Occurrences
2Chemistry
3See also
4References
Occurrences
Phenolic acids can be found in many plant species. Their content in dried fruits can be high.
Natural phenols in horse grams (Macrotyloma uniflorum) are mostly phenolic acids, namely 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic, p-hydroxy benzoic, vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic, and sinapinic acids.[2]
Phenolic acids can be found in mushroom Basidiomycetes species.[3] It is also a part of the humic substances, which are the major organic constituents of soil humus.
Many phenolic acids can be found in human urine.[4]
Chemistry
Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase can be used to catalyze the direct acetylation of flavonoids with phenolic acids.[5]
See also
Benzoic acid
Aromatic alcohol
List of phytochemicals in food
References
^Heleno, Sandrina A.; Martins, Anabela; Queiroz, Maria João R. P.; Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R. (2015-04-15). "Bioactivity of phenolic acids: metabolites versus parent compounds: a review". Food Chemistry. 173: 501–513. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.057. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 25466052..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^Kawsar, S.M.A.; Huq, E.; Nahar, N.; Ozeki, Y. (2008). "Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Acids in Macrotyloma uniflorum by Reversed Phase-HPLC". American Journal of Plant Physiology. 3 (4): 165. doi:10.3923/ajpp.2008.165.172.
^Barros, L.; Dueñas, M.; Ferreira, I. C.; Baptista, P.; Santos-Buelga, C. (June 2009). "Phenolic acids determination by HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47 (6): 1076–1079. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.039. PMID 19425182.
^Armstrong, M. D.; Shaw, K. N.; Wall, P. E. (January 1, 1956). "The phenolic acids of human urine. Paper chromatography of phenolic acids" (pdf). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 218 (1): 293–303. PMID 13278337.
^Stevenson, David E.; Wibisono, Reginald; Jensen, Dwayne J.; Stanley, Roger A.; Cooney, Janine M. (3 October 2006). "Direct acylation of flavonoid glycosides with phenolic acids catalysed by Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435®)". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 39 (6): 1236–41. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.006.
Lanžov — gmina — Państwo Czechy Kraj hradecki Powiat Trutnov Kraina Czechy Powierzchnia 7,92 km² Populacja (2014) • liczba ludności 186 [1] Kod pocztowy 544 52 Szczegółowy podział administracyjny Liczba obrębów ewidencyjnych 4 Liczba części gminy 5 Liczba gmin katastralnych 2 Położenie na mapie kraju hradeckiego Lanžov Położenie na mapie Czech Lanžov 50°23′N 15°46′E / 50,386944 15,760833 Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Strona internetowa Portal Czechy Lanžov – gmina w Czechach, w powiecie Trutnov, w kraju hradeckim. Według danych z dnia 1 stycznia 2014 liczyła 186 mieszkańców [1] . Przypisy | ↑ a b Počty obyvatel v obcích k 1. 1. 2013 ( cz. ) . www.mvcr.cz. [dostęp 2014-08-23]. p • d • e Powiat Trutnov Batňovice Bernartice Bílá Třemešná Bílé Poličany Borovnice Borovnička Čermná Černý Důl Dolní Branná Dolní...
Town in French Polynesia, France Rikitea Town Rikitea Location in French Polynesia Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W / 23.12028°S 134.96917°W / -23.12028; -134.96917 Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W / 23.12028°S 134.96917°W / -23.12028; -134.96917 Country France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Territory Gambier Islands Island Mangareva Rikitea is a small town on Mangareva, which is part of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. A majority of the islanders live in Rikitea. [1] [2] The island was a protectorate of France in 1871 and was annexed in 1881. [3] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Landmarks 5 Transportation 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History The town's history dates to the era when the island was first settled with people from the Marquesas Islands in 1100 AD. Captain James Wilson of the London Missionary Society arrived in 1797 on Du...
Electric locomotive Škoda ChS4-109. The Moscow — Odessa train in Vinnytsia railway station. The Siemens ES64U4, is the current confirmed holder as the fastest electric locomotive at 357 km/h (222 mph) in 2006. An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or a supercapacitor. Electric locomotives with on-board fueled prime movers, such as diesel engines or gas turbines, are classed as diesel-electric or gas turbine-electric and not as electric locomotives, because the electric generator/motor combination serves only as a power transmission system. Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90% (not including the inefficiency of generating the electricity). Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives ...
