Reference Daily Intake





The Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States. While developed for the US population, it has been adopted by other countries, though not universally.


The RDI is used to determine the Daily Value (DV) of foods, which is printed on nutrition facts labels (as % DV) in the United States and Canada, and is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada. The labels "high", "rich in", or "excellent source of" may be used for a food if it contains 20% or more of the RDI. The labels "good source", "contains", or "provides" may be used on a food if it contains between 10% and 20% of the RDI.[1]


The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were a set of nutrition recommendations that evolved into both the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) system of nutrition recommendations (which still defines RDA values) and the RDIs used for food labelling. The first regulations governing U.S. nutrition labels specified a % U.S. RDA declaration based on the current RDA values, which had been published in 1968. Later, the % U.S. RDA was renamed the %DV and the RDA values that the %DVs were based on became the RDIs.


The RDAs (and later the RDA values within the DRI) were regularly revised to reflect the latest scientific information, but although the nutrition labeling regulations were occasionally updated, the existing RDI values were not changed, so that until 2016 many of the DVs used on nutrition facts labels were still based on the outdated RDAs from 1968. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration published changes to the regulations including updated RDIs and DVs based primarily on the RDAs in the current DRI.




Contents






  • 1 Food labeling reference tables


  • 2 History


  • 3 Sodium


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





Food labeling reference tables


Daily Values used by the FDA for the following macronutrients are Daily Reference Values.[2][3]


FDA issued a Final Rule on changes to facts panel on May 27, 2016.[4] The new values were published in the Federal Register.[5] New values can be used on labels now. The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28, 2018, but on September 29, 2017 the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies.[6] In the interim, products with old or new facts panel content will be on market shelves at same time.


The following table lists the old and new DVs based on a caloric intake of 2000 kcal (8400 kJ), for adults and children four or more years of age.[7][8]











































Nutrient
DV
Total fat
65 g increased to 78 g

Saturated fatty acids
20 g stays unchanged

Cholesterol
300 mg stays unchanged

Sodium
2400 mg decreased to 2300 mg

Potassium
3500 mg increased to 4700 mg
Total carbohydrate
300 g decreased to 275 g

Added sugars
newly established at 50 g

Dietary fiber
25 g increased to 28 g

Protein
50 g stays unchanged

For vitamins and minerals, the old RDIs and new RDIs (old and new adult 100% Daily Values) are given in the following table, along with the more recent RDAs or AIs (marked with an asterix) of the Dietary Reference Intakes (maximized over sex and age groups, excluding women who are pregnant or lactating):[4][7][8]


























































































































































































Nutrient
Old RDI
New RDI or AI
(male, age 19–30)
(female, age 19–30)
Vitamin A 900 μg
900 μg
700 μg

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
60 mg
90 mg
75 mg

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D)
400 IU (10 μg) 15 μg
15 μg

Tocopherol (vitamin E)
30 IU 15 mg
15 mg
Vitamin K 80 μg
120 μg
90 μg

Thiamin (vitamin B1)
1.5 mg 1.2 mg
1.1 mg

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
1.7 mg 1.3 mg
1.1 mg

Niacin (vitamin B3)
20 mg 16 mg
14 mg

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
2 mg 1.3 mg
1.3 mg
Folate 400 μg 400 μg
400 μg

Cobalamine (vitamin B12)
6 μg 2.4 μg
2.4 μg

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
10 mg 5 mg
5 mg
Biotin 300 μg 30 μg
30 μg
Choline 550 mg
425 mg
Calcium 1000 mg 1300 mg
1300 mg
Chromium 120 μg 35 μg*
25 μg*
Copper 2000 μg 900 μg
900 μg

Fluoride

4 mg*
3 mg*
Iodine 150 μg 150 μg
150 μg
Iron 18 mg 8 mg
18 mg
Magnesium 400 mg 400 mg
310 mg
Manganese 2 mg 2.3 mg*
1.8 mg*
Molybdenum 75 μg 45 μg
45 μg
Phosphorus 1000 mg 700 mg
700 mg
Selenium 70 μg 55 μg
55 μg
Zinc 15 mg 11 mg
8 mg

Potassium

4.7 g
4.7 g

Sodium

1.5 g*
1.5 g*
Chloride 3400 mg 2.3 g*
2.3 g*


History


The RDI is derived from the RDAs, which were first developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35).[not in citation given] The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35).[not in citation given] The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety". Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.


The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In 1973, the FDA introduced regulations to specify the format of nutrition labels when present, although the inclusion of such labels was largely voluntary, only being required if nutrition claims were made or if nutritional supplements were added to the food. The nutrition labels were to include percent U.S. RDA based on the 1968 RDAs in effect at the time. The RDAs continued to be updated (in 1974, 1980 and 1989) but the values specified for nutrition labelling remained unchanged.[9]


In 1993 the FDA published new regulations mandating the inclusion of a nutrition facts label on most packaged foods. Originally the FDA had proposed replacing the percent U.S. RDAs with percent daily values based on the 1989 RDAs but the Dietary Supplement Act of 1992 prevented it from doing so. Instead it introduced the RDI to be the basis of the new daily values. The RDI consisted of the existing U.S. RDA values (still based on the 1968 RDAs as the FDA was not allowed to change them at the time) and new values for additional nutrients not included in the 1968 RDAs.[9]


In 1997, at the suggestion of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy, the RDAs became one part of a broader set of dietary guidelines called the Dietary Reference Intake used by both the United States and Canada. As part of the DRI, the RDAs continued to be updated.


On May 27, 2016, the FDA updated the regulations to change the RDI and Daily Values to reflect current scientific information.[4][5] Until this time, the Daily Values were still largely based on the 1968 RDAs. The new regulations make several other changes to the nutrition facts label to facilitate consumer understanding of the calorie and nutrient contents of their foods, emphasizing nutrients of current concern, such as vitamin D and potassium.[4] The revision to the regulations came into effect on 26 July 2016 and initially stipulated that larger manufacturers must comply within two years while smaller manufacturers had an additional year.[4][9][10] On September 29, 2017 the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies.[6]



Sodium


In 2010, the U.S. Institute of Medicine determined that the government should establish new consumption standards for salt to reduce the amount of sodium in the typical American diet below levels associated with higher risk of several cardiovascular diseases, yet maintain consumer preferences for salt-flavored food.[11] The daily maximum for sodium in the United States had been above estimated minimums for decades.[12] For instance, the National Research Council found that 500 milligrams of sodium per day (approximately 1,250 milligrams of table salt) is a safe minimum level.[13] In the United Kingdom, the daily allowance for salt is 6 g (approximately 2.5 teaspoons, about the upper limit in the U.S.), an amount considered "too high".[14][15]


The Institute of Medicine advisory stated (daily intake basis): "Americans consume more than 3,400 milligrams of sodium – the amount in about 1.5 teaspoons of salt (8.7 g) – each day. The recommended maximum daily intake of sodium – the amount above which health problems appear – is 2,300 milligrams per day for adults, about 1 teaspoon of salt (5.9 g). The recommended adequate intake of sodium is 1,500 milligrams (3.9 g salt) per day, and people over 50 need even less."[11]



See also



  • Canada's Food Guide

  • Dietary mineral

  • Dietary Reference Intake


  • Dietary Reference Values (United Kingdom)

  • Essential amino acid

  • Essential fatty acid

  • Essential nutrient

  • Healthy diet

  • Nutrient

  • Vitamins



References





  1. ^ "Nutrient content claims for 'good source', 'high', 'more', and 'high potency', Specific Requirements for Nutrient Content Claims. Food Labeling, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 101, Subpart D, Section 101.54". US Food and Drug Administration. April 1, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Information for Consumers (Drugs)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2011-03-30.


  3. ^ "Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide (14. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. January 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2015.


  4. ^ abcde "Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label". FDA Labeling and Nutrition. United States Food and Drug Administration. May 20, 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.


  5. ^ ab "Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" (PDF).


  6. ^ ab "Changes to the Nutrition Facts Panel – Compliance Date"


  7. ^ ab "Table: DRI Values Summary" (PDF). Institute of Medicine. November 30, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2018 – via National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. A complete document containing the four tables listed [at Dietary Reference Intakes Tables and Application: Health and Medicine Division].


  8. ^ ab "Dietary Reference Intakes Tables and Application : Health and Medicine Division". nationalacademies.org. Retrieved 2018-03-11.


  9. ^ abc Institute of Medicine (2010). "2 History of Nutrition Labeling". Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Phase I Report. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12957.


  10. ^ "Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Federal Register. May 27, 2016. 81 FR 33741.


  11. ^ ab "FDA should set standards for salt added to processed foods, prepared meals". U.S. National Academies of Science. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011.


  12. ^ "Statement from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program". National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. 1999-10-14. Archived from the original on 2011-03-20. Retrieved 2011-03-30.


  13. ^ "Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition". The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2011-03-30.


  14. ^ "Daily salt intake allowances 'were set too high'". BBC News. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2011-03-30.


  15. ^ "Britons told to cut salt intake". BBC News. 2004-09-13. Retrieved 2011-03-30.




External links




  • Daily Values, US National Institutes of Health

  • USDA Reference Daily Intakes




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