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Northern Qi 北齊
550–577
Asia in 565 AD, showing the Northern Qi Dynasty and its neighbors
Administrative divisions in 57
Capital	Yecheng[1]
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 550–559	Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
• 559–560	Emperor Fei of Northern Qi
• 560–561	Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi
• 561–565	Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
• 565–577	Gao Wei
• 577	Gao Heng
Historical era	Northern Dynasties
• Established	9 June 550[2] 550
• Gao Wei and Gao Heng's capture by Northern Zhou, usually viewed as disestablishment	28 February 577[3] 577
• Gao Shaoyi's capture by Northern Zhou	27 July 580[4]
Area
557[5]	1,500,000 km2 (580,000 sq mi)
Currency	Chinese coin, Chinese cash
Preceded by Succeeded by Eastern Wei Northern Zhou

The Northern Qi (simplified Chinese: 北齐; traditional Chinese: 北齊; pinyin: Běi Qí; Wade–Giles: Pei³-Ch'i²) was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wenxuan, and it was ended following attacks from Northern Zhou.

History

Mural painting from the tomb of Kao Yang.

The Chinese state of Northern Qi was the successor state of the Chinese/Xianbei state of Eastern Wei and was founded by Emperor Wenxuan. Emperor Wenxuan had a Han Chinese father Gao Huan, and a Xianbei mother, Lou Zhaojun.^[6][7] As Eastern Wei's paramount general Gao Huan was succeeded by his sons Gao Cheng and Gao Yang, who took the throne from Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei in 550 and established Northern Qi as Emperor Wenxuan.

Mural paintings of court life in Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, Northern Qi Dynasty, 571 AD, located in Taiyuan, Shanxi province

Northern Qi was the strongest state of the three main Chinese states (the other two being Northern Zhou state and Chen Dynasty) when it was established. Northern Qi however was plagued by violence and/or incompetent emperors (in particular Houzhu),^[8] corrupt officials, and deteriorating armies. In 571, an important official who guide the emperors Emperor Wucheng and Houzhu, He Shikai, was killed. Houzhu attempted to strengthen the power of throne, instead he triggered a series of purges that became violent in late 573.^[8]

In 577, Northern Qi was assaulted by Northern Zhou, a kingdom with poorer resources.^[9] The Northern Qi, with ineffective leadership, quickly disintegrated within a month, with large scale defections of court and military personnel.^[10] Both Houzhu and the last emperor Youzhu were captured, and both died in late 577. Emperor Wenxuan's son Gao Shaoyi, the Prince of Fanyang, under protection by Tujue, later declared himself the emperor of Northern Qi in exile, but was turned over by Tujue to Northern Zhou in 580 and exiled to modern Sichuan. It is a matter of dispute whether Gao Shaoyi should properly be considered a Northern Qi emperor, but in any case the year 577 is generally considered by historians as the ending date for Northern Qi.

Emperors

Emperors family tree

Northern Qi arts

Left image: Northern Qi jar with Central Asian dancer and musicians, 550-577.^[14]
Middle image: Earthenware jar with Central Asian face, Northern Qi 550-577.
Right image: Northern Qi earthenware with multicultural (Egyptian, Greek, Eurasian) motifs, 550-577.^[15]

Northern Qi ceramics mark a revival of Chinese ceramic art, following the disastrous invasions and the social chaos of the 4th century.^[16] Northern Qi tombs have revealed some beautiful artifacts, such as porcelain with splashed green designs, previously thought to have been developed under the Tang dynasty.^[14]

Markedly unique from earlier depictions of the Buddha, Northern Qi statues tend to be smaller, around three feet tall, and columnar in shape.^[17]

Northern Qi Bodhisattva, Changzi-xian, Shanxi, dated 552.

A jar has been found in a Northern Qi tomb, which was closed in 576, and is considered as a precursor of the Tang Sancai style of ceramics.^[18]

Also, brown glazed wares designed with Sasanian-style figures have been found in these tombs.^[14] These works suggest a strong cosmopolitanism and intense exchanges with Western Asia, which are also visible in metalworks and relief sculptures across China during this period.^[14] Cosmopolitanism was therefore already current during the Northern Qi period in the 6th century, even before the advent of the notoriously cosmopolitan Tang dynasty, and was often associated with Buddhism.^[14][19]

Identity

Murals from a tomb of Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577 AD) in Jiuyuangang, Xinzhou, showing a rural hunting scene on horseback

The Northern Qi, although founded by a ruler of mixed Han/Xianbei origin, strongly asserted their Xianbei ethnic cultural identity. They regarded surviving ethnic Tuoba (themselves also Xianbei) and non-Chinese of the Northern Wei court and as well as literati of all ethnicities as near Chinese, referring to them as Haner (漢兒).^[10] However they made use of Chinese and sometimes Central Asian courtiers.^[20] While some Qi elite families had expressed strongly anti-Chinese sentiments, they may also lay claim to Chinese elite origin.^[8] Emperor Wenxuan's father Gao Huan himself, who was reported as having said to his soldiers in the Xianbei language: "The Chinese are your slaves",^[21][22] was descended from the Han Chinese Gao family of Bohai (渤海高氏) in what is now modern Hebei.^[23] He had become Xianbeified as his family had lived for some time in Inner Mongolia after his grandfather was relocated from Bohai.^[24][25]

Religions

A Chinese scholar translated the Buddhist text Nirvana Sutra text into a Turkic language during this era. Some Zoroastrianism influences that went into previous states continued onto the state of Northern Qi court, such as the love for Persian dogs (sacred in Zoroastrianism) as they were taken as pets by nobles and eunuchs. The Chinese utilized a number of Persian artifacts and products.^[26]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Qi Dynasty.

• Buddhism in China

Notes

References

• 
  Book of Northern Qi.


• 
  History of Northern Dynasties.


• 
  Zizhi Tongjian.