Pyramidellidae
| Pyramidellidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| live Turbonilla acutissima | |
 | |
| Apertural view of a shell of Pyramidella acus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
Clade: | Heterobranchia |
Clade: | Euthyneura |
| Order: | Panpulmonata |
| Superfamily: | Pyramidelloidea |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae J. E. Gray, 1840[1] |
Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs. The great majority of species of pyrams are micromolluscs.
The pyram family is distributed worldwide with more than 6,000 named species in more than 350 nominal genera and subgenera.[2]
This family of micromollusks has been little studied and the phylogenetic relationships within the family are not well worked out. There is an absence of a general consensus regarding which species belong to a specific genus or subgenus, contributing to much confusion. Schander (1999) names more than 300 supraspecific names.[3] As there has been no serious generic revision of the genera worldwide, generic polyphyly can be expected to be rampant throughout the family. However, the family itself is deemed monophyletic.[4]
The family is currently divided into 11 subfamilies (Ponder & Lindberg 1997).[5] An alternative interpretation is that the family Pyramidellidae is but one of six families within the superfamily Pyramidelloidea (Schander, van Aartsen & Corgan 1999).[6] Many species are rare or infrequently recorded.
Contents
1 Subfamilies
1.1 1997 taxonomy
1.2 1999 taxonomy
1.3 2005 taxonomy
2 Problematic taxa
3 Synonyms
4 Distribution
5 Shell description
6 Life habits
7 Name derived from shape
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Subfamilies
Subfamilies included within the family Pyramidellidae vary according to the taxonomy consulted. The currently leading taxonomy is the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).
1997 taxonomy
Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Ponder & Lindberg (1997):[5]
Chrysallidinae Saurin, 1958
Cingulininae Saurin, 1959
Cyclostremellinae Moore, 1966
Eulimellinae Saurin, 1958
Odostomellinae Saurin, 1959
Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
Pyramidellinae J.E. Gray, 1840
Sayellinae Wise, 1996
Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958
Tiberiinae Saurin, 1958
Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
1999 taxonomy
Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999):[6]
- Superfamily Pyramidelloidea Gray, 1840
- Family Amathinidae Ponder, 1987
- Family Ebalidae Warén, 1994 - synonym: Anisocyclidae van Aartsen, 1995
- Family Odostomiidae Pelseneer, 1928
- Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
- Subfamily Chrysallidinae Saurin, 1958
- Subfamily Odostomellinae Saurin, 1958
- Subfamily Cyclostremellinae Moore, 1966
- Family Pyramidellidae J. E. Gray, 1840
- Subfamily Pyramidellinae J. E. Gray, 1840
- Subfamily Sayellinae Wise, 1996
- Family Syrnolidae Saurin, 1958
- Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958
- Subfamily Tiberiinae Saurin, 1958
- Family Turbonillidae Bronn, 1849
- Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
- Subfamily Eulimellinae Saurin, 1958
- Subfamily Cingulininae Saurin, 1959
2005 taxonomy
Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):[7]
- Subfamily Pyramidellinae Gray, 1840
- Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840 - synonyms: Obeliscidae A. Adams, 1863 (inv.); Plotiidae Focart, 1951 (inv.)
- Tribe Sayellini Wise, 1996 - formerly subfamily Sayellinae
- Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
- Tribe Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928 - synonyms: Ptychostomonidae Locard, 1886; Liostomiini Schander, Halanych, Dahlgren & Sundberg, 2003 (n.a.)
- Tribe Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Chrysallidinae, synonyms: Menesthinae Saurin, 1958; Pyrgulininae Saurin, 1959
- Tribe Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966 - formerly subfamily Cyclostremellinae
- Tribe Odostomellini Saurin, 1959 - formerly subfamily Odostomellinae
- Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Syrnolinae
- Tribe Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
- Tribe Tiberiini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Tiberiinae
- Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
- Tribe Turbonillini Bronn, 1849 - synonym: Chemnitziinae Stoliczka, 1868
- Tribe Cingulinini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Cingulininae
- Tribe Eulimellini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Eulimellinae
- Pyramidellidae incertae sedis
Pyramidellidae incertae sedis insularis Oliver, 1915
Pyrabinella Faber, 2013
In 2010 the family Pyramidellidae has been recognized as monophyletic [8]
In 2017 the genus Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017 of deep-water Pyramidelloidea from the Central and South Pacific, was recognized.[9]
Problematic taxa
The following genera are currently difficult to place within existing subtaxa of the Pyramidellidae.
Charilda Iredale, 1929
Contraxiala Laseron, 1956
Cossmannica Dall & Bartsch, 1904[citation needed]
Eulimotibera Nomura, 1939[citation needed]
Morrisonetta Brandt, 1968[citation needed]
Peristichia Dall, 1889[10]
Ulfa Dall & Bartsch, 1904[citation needed]
Vagna Dall & Bartsch, 1904[citation needed]
The following species is of uncertain placement within Pyramidellidae.
"Epigrus" insularis Oliver, 1915
Synonyms
The following genera have become synonyms (but some species in this genera have not yet been reassigned) :
Actaeopyramis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
Amaura Møller, 1842: synonym of Aartsenia Warén, 1991
Auriculina Gray, 1847 accepted as Ondina de Folin, 1870
Besla Dall & Bartsch, 1904 accepted as Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
Brachystomia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
Chemnitzia d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Turbonilla Risso, 1826
Elusa A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904
Folinella Dall & Bartsch, 1904: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
Iole A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Iolaea A. Adams, 1867
Iolina Baily, 1948: synonym of Iolaea A. Adams, 1867
Ividella Dall & Bartsch, 1909 accepted as Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
Lonchaeus : synonym of Longchaeus Mörch, 1875
Moerchiella Thiele, 1924 : synonym of Moerchia A. Adams, 1860
Moerchinella Thiele, 1931 accepted as Moerchia A. Adams, 1860
Monoptygma: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
Monotygma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
Noemia de Folin, 1870: synonym of Noemiamea de Folin, 1886
Obeliscus Gray, 1847: synonym of Pyramidella Lamarck, 1799
Obex Laws, 1940 accepted as Obexomia Laws, 1941
Odontostoma Philippi, 1853: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
Odontostomia G.B. Sowerby I, 1839: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
Parthenia Lowe, 1840: synonym of Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
Partulida Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
Planipyrgiscus [sic] accepted as Planpyrgiscus Laws, 1937
Plotia Röding, 1798: synonym of Pyramidella Lamarck, 1799
Ptychostomon Locard, 1886 accepted as Odostomia Fleming, 1813
Pyrgulina A. Adams, 1864: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
Raoulostraca Oliver, 1915 accepted as Eulimella Forbes & M'Andrew, 1846
Tragula Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
Tropeas [sic] accepted as Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904
Distribution
This family is found worldwide, but many species are only found in relatively small geographical ranges. The species found at the Cape Verdes are mainly endemic species.
[11]
Shell description
The length of the slender, elongated (turreted or conical) shells varies between 0.5 mm and 3.5 cm, but most species in the family have shells which are smaller than 13 mm.
The texture of these shells is smooth or sculptured in various forms such as ribs and spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with red or brown lines.
The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic (i.e. whorls appear to be coiled in the opposite direction to those of the teleoconch) protoconch, which is often pointed sideways or wrapped up. The teleoconch is dextrally coiled, but the larval shells are sinistral. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch.
The columella has usually one, but sometimes several, spiral folds. The aperture is closed by an operculum.
The operculum is ovoid and paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of the pillar when prominent.
Life habits
The Pyramidellidae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms, but some are known to feed on peanut worms and crustaceans.[12][13]
A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as Otopleura mitralis, are symbiotic with sea anemones, such as Neoaiptasia morbilla.[14]
They do not have a radula. Instead their long proboscis is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. These tentacles have a concave surface. Between the head and the propodium (the foremost division of the foot), a lobed process called the mentum (= thin projection) is visible. This mentum is slightly indented in midline.
These gastropods are hermaphrodites, laying eggs in jelly-like masses on the shell of its host. Some species have spermatophores.[3][15][16]
Name derived from shape
The name of this taxonomic family comes from the shape of the shell, which is like a pyramid.[17] More specifically, the shape is like a right circular cone,[18] which is equivalent to a right pyramid whose base has many sides.[19]
References
^ Gray, J. E. (1840). Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition. London. p. 370 pp..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Schander, Christoffer; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Dahlgren, Thomas; Sundberg, Per (2003). "Test of the monophyly of Odostomiinae and Turbonilliinae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Pyramidellidae) based on 16S mtDNA sequences". Zoologica Scripta. 32 (3): 243–254. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00112.x.
^ ab Schander, Christoffer; Hori, Shigeo; Lundberg, Joakim (2011). "Anatomy, phylogeny and biology of Odostomella and Herviera, with the description of a new species of Odostomella (Mollusca, Heterostropha, Pyramidellidae)". Ophelia. 51 (1): 39–76. doi:10.1080/00785326.1999.10409399.
^ Dinapoli, A.; Zinssmeister, C.; Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2010). "New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027.
^ ab Ponder, W.F. & Lindberg, D. R. (1997). "Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 119 (2): 88–265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x.
^ ab Schander, C.; van Aartsen, J.J.; Corgan, J. X. (1999) [1998]. "Families and genera of the Pyramidelloidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Bollettino Malacologico. 34 (9–12): 145–166.
^ Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2): 1–397.
^ Dinapoli, Angela; Carmen Zinnsmeister; Annette Klussmann-Kolb (10 September 2010). "New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
^ Bouchet, P. (2017). Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=955936 on 2017-09-10
^ WoRMS (2010). Peristichia. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 on 2011-03-15
^ J.J. van Aartsen, E. Gittenberger & J. Goud, Pyramidellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) collected during the Dutch CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean (part 2)
^ Sneli, J.-A. (1972). "Odostomia turrita found on Hommarus gammarus". Nautilus. 86 (1): 23–24.
^ Robertson, R.; Mau-Lastovicka, Terry (1979). "The ectoparasitism of Boonea and Fargoa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae)". Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory. 157 (2): 320–333. doi:10.2307/1541058. JSTOR 1541058.
^ Roger H. Goodwill et. al. (2009), A sea anemone symbiotic with gastropods of eight species in the Mariana Islands; Micronesica 41(1): 117–130, 2009 Archived 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Høisæter, T. (1965). "Spermatophores in Chrysallida obtusa (Brown) (Opisthobranchia, Pyramidellidae)". Sarsia. 18: 63–68.
^ Robertson, R. (1967). "The life history of Odostomia bisuturalis and Odostomia spermatophores (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae)". American Philosophical Society Yearbook. 1967: 368–370.
^ Tenney, Sanborn and Tenney, Abby. Natural history of animals; Containing brief descriptions of the animals figured on Tenney's Natural history tablets, but complete without the tablets, p. 202 (Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1875): "The Pyramid-Shells are so named from their shape"
^ Step, Edward. Shell Life: An Introduction to the British Mollusca, p. 250 (F. Warne & Company, 1901).
^ Robbins, Edward. Plane and Solid Geometry, p. 349 (American Book Company, 1907).
Further reading
- Dinapoli A., Zinssmeister C. & Klussmann-Kolb A. (2010). "New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)". Journal of Molluscan Studies doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027.
Hayward P. J. &, J.S. Ryland (1996). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 546. ISBN 0-19-854055-8.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramidellidae. |
"Pyramidellidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Gallery of pyramidellids
