Prisoner of conscience









Aung San Suu Kyi was an Amnesty International-recognized prisoner of conscience from 1989 to 1995, from 2000 to 2002, and from 2003 to 2010.[1]


Prisoner of conscience (POC) is a term coined by Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for the London Observer newspaper. Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term can refer to anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. It also refers to those who have been imprisoned and/or persecuted for the non-violent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.




Contents






  • 1 Definition


  • 2 Current Amnesty International prisoners of conscience


    • 2.1 Azerbaijan


    • 2.2 Bahrain


    • 2.3 Belarus


    • 2.4 Cambodia


    • 2.5 Eritrea


    • 2.6 Ethiopia


    • 2.7 The Gambia


    • 2.8 Hong Kong


    • 2.9 India


    • 2.10 Israel


    • 2.11 Iran


    • 2.12 Kuwait


    • 2.13 Kyrgyzstan


    • 2.14 Malaysia


    • 2.15 Mauritania


    • 2.16 Morocco


    • 2.17 Myanmar


    • 2.18 Nigeria


    • 2.19 North Korea


    • 2.20 Pakistan


    • 2.21 People's Republic of China


    • 2.22 Russia


    • 2.23 Saudi Arabia


    • 2.24 Sudan


    • 2.25 Syria


    • 2.26 Thailand


    • 2.27 Tunisia


    • 2.28 Ukraine


    • 2.29 United Arab Emirates


    • 2.30 United States


    • 2.31 Uzbekistan


    • 2.32 Venezuela


    • 2.33 Vietnam




  • 3 See also


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links





Definition


The article "The Forgotten Prisoners" by Peter Benenson, published in The Observer 28 May 1961, launched the campaign "Appeal for Amnesty 1961" and first defined a "prisoner of conscience".[2]


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Any person who is physically restrained (by imprisonment or otherwise) from expressing (in any form of words or symbols) any opinion which he honestly holds and which does not advocate or condone personal violence. We also exclude those people who have conspired with a foreign government to overthrow their own.


The primary goal for this year-long campaign, founded by the English lawyer Peter Benenson and a small group of writers, academics and lawyers including Quaker peace activist Eric Baker, was to identify individual prisoners of conscience around the world and then campaign for their release. In early 1962, the campaign had received enough public support to become a permanent organization and was renamed Amnesty International.




A protest outside the Saudi Arabian Embassy in London against detention of Saudi blogger Raif Badawi, 2017


Under British law, Amnesty International was classed as a political organisation and therefore excluded from tax-free charity status.[3] To work around this, the "Fund for the Persecuted" was established in 1962 to receive donations to support prisoners and their families. The name was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund" and is now a separate and independent charity which provides relief and rehabilitation grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the world.[4]


Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured governments to release those persons it considers to be prisoners of conscience.[5] Governments, conversely, tend to deny that the specific prisoners identified by Amnesty International are, in fact, being held on the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege that these prisoners pose genuine threats to the security of their countries.[6]


The concept of "Prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around Nelson Mandela's imprisonment in South Africa 1964. He had initially been adopted as a Prisoners of conscience in 1962, when he was sentenced to five years in jail for inciting a strike of African workers.[7] This was reversed after the Rivonia Trial showed that Mandela now had turned to violently opposing the
South African regime. The reversal evolved in 1964 into a worldwide debate and a poll among the members of Amnesty International. The overwhelming majority decided to maintain the basic rule, that prisoners of conscience are those who have not used or advocated violence.[8]


The phrase is now widely used in political discussions to describe a political prisoner, whether or not Amnesty International has specifically adopted the case, although the phrase has a different scope and definition than that of political prisoner.[9]



Current Amnesty International prisoners of conscience


Below is an incomplete list of individuals that Amnesty International considers to be prisoners of conscience, organized by country.



Azerbaijan





  • Ilgar Mammadov, Republican Alternative Movement,


  • Anar Bayramli;[10]


  • Ramin Bayramov;[10]


  • Arif Yunus,[11]


  • Leyla Yunus,[11]


  • Vidadi Isgandarov;[12]


  • Taleh Khasmammadov;[10] and youth activists Bakhtiyar Guliyev, Mahammad Azizov, Shahin Novruzlu, Rashad Hasanov,[13]


  • Rashadat Akhundov, Zaur Gurbanli, Uzeyir Mammadli and Ilkin Rustamzade[14]




Bahrain





  • Mahdi Abu Deeb;[15]

  • Mohammad Sanad al-Makina;[16] and the Bahrain Thirteen:

  • Abdulhadi al-Khawaja

  • Hassan Mushaima

  • Abdelwahab Hussain

  • Abdel-Jalil al-Singace


  • Nabeel Rajab[17]

  • Ebrahim Sharif

  • Salah Abdullah Hubail al-Khawaja[18]




Belarus





  • Iryna Khalip;[19]


  • Eduard Lobau;[19]


  • Uladzimir Niaklajeu;[19]


  • Pavel Sevyarynets;[20]


  • Mikola Statkevich[19]Anton Suryapin[21]




Cambodia



  • Yorm Bopha[22]


Eritrea




  • Aster Fissehatsion;[23]


  • Dawit Isaak;[24]


  • Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo;[23]


  • Petros Solomon;[23]


  • Haile Woldetensae[23]



Ethiopia




  • Eskinder Nega[25]

  • Bekele Gerba



The Gambia



  • Ebrima Manneh[26]




Hong Kong




  • Alex Chow[27]


  • Nathan Law[27]


  • Joshua Wong[27]



India




  • Binayak Sen;[28]


  • Soni Sori;[29]


  • Irom Sharmila Chanu;[30]



Israel


  • Mordechai Vanunu


Iran





  • Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i;[31]


  • Zhila Bani-Yaghoub;[32]


  • Arzhang Davoodi;[33]


  • Ghoncheh Ghavami;[34]


  • Kouhyar Goudarzi;[35]


  • Zeynab Jalaliyan;[36]


  • Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand;[37]


  • Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi;[38]


  • Habibollah Latifi[39]


  • Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[40]


  • Narges Mohammadi;[41]


  • Parvin Mokhtareh;[35]


  • Abdollah Momeni;[42]


  • Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi;[43]


  • Mansour Osanlou;[44]


  • Jafar Panahi;[45][46]


  • Isa Saharkhiz[32]


  • Mohammad Seifzadeh[47]


  • Reza Shahabi[48]


  • Saeed Shirzad[49]


  • Abdolfattah Soltani[47]


  • Heshmat Tabarzadi[50]


  • Majid Tavakoli[51]

  • Mohammad Ali Taheri




Kuwait



  • Hamad al-Naqi[52]


Kyrgyzstan



  • Azimzhan Askarov[53]


Malaysia



  • Ali Abd Jalil;[54]Anwar Ibrahim


Mauritania



  • Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir[55][56]


Morocco



  • Ali Anouzla[57]


Myanmar



  • Phyo Phyo Aung[58]


Nigeria



  • Fela Kuti[59]


North Korea



  • Oh Hae-won[60]


Pakistan


  • Asghar Khan


People's Republic of China





  • Chen Wei;[61]


  • Dhondup Wangchen;[62]


  • Ershidin Israil;[63]


  • Gao Zhisheng;[64]


  • Guo Feixiong;[65]


  • Guo Xiaojun;[66]


  • Mao Hengfeng;[67]


  • Shi Tao;[51]


  • Wang Junling;[68]


  • Wang Xiaodong[68]




Russia

































































































































































































 NAME



AGE



LOCATION



TERM; UNTIL



REASON



Christensen, Dennis



45



Detention Center No. 1, Oryol Region



17 months; 2018-11-01



Religious activity



Karimov, Ilkham



37



Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan



5 months; 2018-10-25



Religious activity



Matrashov, Konstantin



29



Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan



5 months; 2018-10-25



Religious activity



Myakushin, Vladimir



30



Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan



5 months; 2018-10-25



Religious activity



Yulmetyev, Aydar



24



Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan



5 months; 2018-10-25



Religious activity



Mikhailov, Dmitriy



40



Detention Center No. 1, Ivanovo Region



5 months; 2018-10-19



Religious activity



Klimov, Sergey



48



Detention Center No. 1, Tomsk Region



5 months; 2018-10-31



Religious activity



Osadchuk, Valentin



42



Detention Center No. 1, Primorskiy Territory



7 months; 2018-11-20



Religious activity



Bazhenov, Konstantin



43



Detention Center No. 1, Saratov Region



6 months; 2018-12-12



Religious activity



Makhammadiev, Felix



33



Detention Center No. 1, Saratov Region



6 months; 2018-12-12



Religious activity



Budenchuk, Aleksey



35



Detention Center No. 1, Saratov Region



6 months; 2018-12-12



Religious activity



Stupnikov, Andrey



44



Detention Center No. 1, Krasnoyarsk Territory



4 months; 2018-11-02



Religious activity



Polyakova, Anastasiya



34



Detention Center No. 1, Omsk Region



5 months; 2018-11-20



Religious activity



Polyakov, Sergey



46



Detention Center No. 1, Omsk Region



5 months; 2018-11-20



Religious activity



Alushkin, Vladimir



54



Detention Center No. 1, Penza Region



4 months; 2018-11-14



Religious activity



Levchuk, Vadim



46



Detention Center No. 1, Kemerovo Region



4 months; 2018-11-19



Religious activity



Britvin, Sergey



52



Detention Center No. 1, Kemerovo Region



4 months; 2018-11-19



Religious activity



Barmakin, Dmitriy



44



Detention Center No. 1, Primorskiy Territory



4 months; 2018-10-27



Religious activity



Moskalenko, Valeriy



51



Detention Center No. 1, Khabarovsk Territory



4 months; 2018-12-02



Religious activity



Sorokina, Nataliya



43



Detention Center No. 1, Smolensk Region



1 month 12 days; 2018-11-19



Religious activity



Troshina, Mariya



41



Detention Center No. 1, Smolensk Region



1 month 12 days; 2018-11-19



Religious activity



Onishchuk, Andzhey



50



Unconfirmed



1 month 24 days; 2018-12-02



Religious activity



Korobeynikov, Vladimir



65



Unconfirmed



Unconfirmed



Religious activity



Suvorkov, Andrey



25



Unconfirmed



1 month 25 days; 2018-12-03



Religious activity



Suvorkov, Evgeniy



40



Unconfirmed



1 month 24 days; 2018-12-02



Religious activity



Khalturin, Maksim



44



Unconfirmed



1 month 24 days; 2018-12-02



Religious activity


  • Mikhail Kosenko;[69]Nikolay Kavkazsky;[70]Ruslan Sokolovsky;[71]Yaroslav Belousov[72]Alexei Navalny


Saudi Arabia



  • Raif Badawi;[73]Mohammad bin Saleh al-Bajadi;[74]Saud al-Hashimi;[75]Khaled al-Johani;[76]Hamza Kashgari;[77][78]Ashraf Fayadh;[79]Issa al-Hamid;[80]Alaa Brinji;[81]Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr;[82]Zuhair Kutbi;[83]Mikhlif al-Shammari;[84]Waleed Abu al-Khair;[85]Abdulaziz al-Shubaili;[86]Saleh al-Ashwan;[87]Omar al-Said;[87][86]Abdulrahman al-Hamid;[86]Abdulkareem al-Khoder;[86][88]Abdullah al-Hamid;[87]Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani;[87]Fowzan al-Harbi;[87]Fadhel al-Manasif[87]


Sudan


Ussamah Mohammed;[89]Faisal Saleh[90]



Syria


Ali al-Abdullah;[91]Mazen Darwish;[92]Shibal Ibrahim;[93]Riad Seif[94]



Thailand


Somyot Prueksakasemsuk[95]



Tunisia


Ramzi Abcha;[96]Ghazi Beji;[96]



Ukraine


Ruslan Kotsaba[97]



United Arab Emirates


Nasser bin Ghaith[98]



United States


Saifullah Paracha[99]



Uzbekistan


Azam Farmonov;[51]Alisher Karamatov;[51]Solijon Abdrahmanov[100]



Venezuela


Leopoldo López[101]; Gregory Hinds[102]; Geraldine Chacón[102]



Vietnam


Cù Huy Hà Vũ;[103]Le Cong Dinh;[104]Nguyen Dan Que;[105]Nguyen Van Hai;[106]Nguyen Van Ly;[107]Phan Thanh Hai;[108]Ta Phong Tan;[108]Vi Duc Hoi;[109]Trần Huỳnh Duy Thức.[110]



See also


  • Political prisoner


References





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External links



  • Amnesty International resources about prisoners of conscience

  • Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund









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"Vienna University" redirects here. For Vienna University of Economics and Business, see Vienna University of Economics and Business. University of Vienna Universität Wien Type Public Established 1365 Budget € 544 million [1] Rector Heinz Engl Academic staff 6,765 Administrative staff 3,106 Students 94,000 [2] Postgraduates 16,490 Doctoral students 8,945 Location Main building, Vienna , Austria 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Coordinates: 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Campus Urban Colors Blue and White           Affiliations Campus Europae, EUA, UNICA Website www.univie.ac.at/en Data as of 2016 [update] The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the Ge...
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