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Giuseppe Pagano (20 August 1896 – 22 April 1945) was an Italian architect, notable for his involvement in the movement of rationalist architecture in Italy up to the end of the Second World War. He designed exhibitions, furniture and interiors and was an amateur photographer.^[1] He was also a long-time editor of the magazine Casabella.

Background

Giuseppe Pogatschnig was born in Parenzo (Poreč, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of Croatia). After attending the Italian language Lyceum in Trieste, he fled to join the Italian army at the onset of the First World War and adopted the Italian name, Pagano. He was twice wounded and twice captured but managed to escape. In the years immediately following the war, Pagano was associated with Nationalist and pre-Fascist politics, and would be among the founders of the first fascist party of his hometown of Parenzo.

Architecture

In 1924, Pagano graduated from the Politecnico of Turin, with a degree in architecture. In the late 1920s, he started work designing bridges, buildings, including the Gualino office building in Turin (1928) with Gino Levi-Montalcini, and working on a number of pavilions exhibitions for the Turin Exposition of 1929. In 1931, he moved to Milan to work for the home and decoration magazine La Casa Bella, founded by Guido Marangoni in 1928.^[2]

Philosophy

From the late 1920s, Pagano had adopted a rationalist position, influenced by Futurism and the European avant-gardes – he became an architect caught between the theory and practice of Fascist Italy whose approach advocated for a triad of Unity, Abstraction and Coherence.^[3] He had a significant^{[clarification needed]} career as a writer and defender of rationalist architecture in the press, especially Casabella, whose name he soon changed from La Casa Bella when he became director of the magazine in 1933 along with Neapolitan art critic Edoardo Persico. Pagano and Persico revolutionized^{[clarification needed]} the graphic format and used their editorial position both to call to arms like-minded colleagues who believed in the power of architecture to transform modern like and to violently criticize those who reduced it to an ‘aping of styles’.^[4] He was involved in the Milan Triennial V in 1933, where he collaborated in the design of one of the pavilions of the Housing Exhibition – the Steel Structure House – and designed the N=Breda ETR300 train carriage along with Giò Ponti. He was also responsible for the 1934 Aeronautics Show where he designed three of the main spaces including the Hall of Honour and the VI Triennale of 1936, which he directed together with the painter Mario Sironi.^[5] All three expositions were held in architect Giovanni Muzio's Palazzo dell'Arte in the Parco Sempione, which had been built for the V Triennale, the first held in Milan.

Photography

He was also an amateur photographer, an activity sparked by his desire to document Italy's vernacular tradition in architecture.^[6] He traveled Italy ‘hunting’ for images and creating careful compositions that expressed material qualities, gave snapshots of daily life and celebrated what he saw as a ‘real’ Italy – not that of the tourist brochures and the propaganda machine. From then on he often published his own photographs in Casabella using them to strengthen his critiques of the architecture of the time.

Politics and art

Though initially an active member of the Italian Fascist party, Pagano's architectural philosophy led him farther and farther from the official architects of the Fascist regime, such that his VI Triennale, in effect, proposed an alternate architectural expression for Fascism. His most significant contributions were: an extension to the Palazzo dell'Arte designed for the 1933 Triennale by Milanese Novecento architect Giovanni Muzio (now demolished), the Exhibition of Vernacular Architecture (with Guarniero Daniel) and Exhibition of Building Materials (with Guido Frette). Pagano opposed "representative architecture" of all types, whether Modern or Classical. He remained dubious of some groups of Rationalists (like the Gruppo 7 and art critics like Pier Maria Bardi) who made attempts to identify their architecture with Italian Fascism, and to make it the official state architecture.^[7] He worked closely with regime architect Marcello Piacentini on the Rome's new university between 1933 and 1935, on interior and exhibition design of the Italian Pavilion for the Paris International Expo in 1937 and also worked on the master plan for the ill-fated Rome Expo of 1942, that was never held.

Protest and imprisonment

Pagano's position in the Fascist party and prestige among architects, as well as the diversity of cultural production under Benito Mussolini's Fascism, allowed him to openly criticize some of the regime's constructions as "bombastically rhetorical", from the pages of Casabella. In 1942, Pagano would leave the School of Fascist Mysticism and thfor the entire prisoner population to escape in July 1944. He was recaptured in September 1944 in Milan, imprisoned at Villa Triste, and tortured. Later he was transferred to the prison of San Vittore, then to Bolzano and then to Mauthausen, Melk, and back again to Mauthausen.^[8]

Death

Pagano died of pneumonia in the infirmary of the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria on 22 April 1945. In one of his last letters to his friends he asked: “Remember me well: a man alive and full of good will”.^[9]

List of works

Architecture

Palazzo Gualino office building, Turin (with Gino Levi Montalcini), 1928–29, for the financier Riccardo Gualino

Sist School, Turin, 1931

Villa Colli, Rivara (with Gino Levi Montalcini), 1931

Entry in Santa Maria Novella Railway Station competition, Florence, 1933

Furniture and interiors for Il Popolo d’Italia offices, Milan, 1934.

Physics building, Città Universitaria, Rome, 1935

Boarding School Biella, 1936

Bocconi University, Milan, 1941 (with engineer Gian Giacomo Predaval)

Rivetti Wool Mills, Biella, 1942 (with engineer Gian Giacomo Predaval)

Urban design

Project for the re-planning and urban renewal of Via Roma, Turin (with Gino Levi Montalcini, Ettore Sottsass and others), 1931

Master plan of E42 (with Marcello Piacentini, Luigi Piccinato, Ettore Rossi and Luigi Vietti), 1937

Green Milan (Milano Verde) Project, Master plan for Sempione-Fiera area (with Franco Albini, Ignazio Gardella and others), 1938

Horizontal City Project, Milan, 1940 (with Marescotti and Diotallevi)

Exhibition and Pavilion Design

Pavilions at Turin International exposition, 1928: Gancia company, Festivals and Fashion, Hunting and Fishing, Navy and Air Force, Mines and Ceramics.

Italian Pavilion at Liege International Exposition (with Gino Levi Montalcini), 1929

Steel Structure House (with Franco Albini, Giancarlo Palanti and others) & Summer Hall (with Ottorino Aloisio, Ettore Sottsass and others), 5th Milan Triennale, 1933

ETR 200 Breda Train Carriage (with Gio Ponti), 1933

Exhibition plan and curation, design of the Hall of Honour and Icarus Room, Aeronautics Exhibition, Milan, 1934

Main entry and adjoining pavilion, Exhibition of Rural Architecture (with Guarniero Daniel), Exhibition of Building Materials (with Guido Frette), 6th Milan Triennale, 1936

Italian pavilion at Paris International Exposition (with Marcello Piacentini), 1937

Rivetti Stand, Wool Exhibits, National Textiles Exhibition, Circus Maximus, Rome (with Angelo Bianchetti), 1938

Leonardo Exhibition, Milan, 1939

References