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Tasman Sea
Location
Map of the Tasman Sea
Location	Western Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	40°S 160°E / 40°S 160°E / -40; 160
Type	Sea
Basin countries	Australia, New Zealand
Max. length	2,800 km (1,700 mi)
Max. width	2,200 km (1,400 mi)
Surface area	2,300,000 km2 (890,000 sq mi)
Islands	Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island
Benches	Lord Howe Rise
Settlements	Newcastle, Sydney, Wollongong, Auckland, Wellington, Hobart, New Plymouth, Whanganui

Satellite photo of the Tasman Sea

The Tasman Sea (Māori: Te Tai-o-Rehua^[1], Pitcairn-Norfolk: Tasman Sii) is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) across and about 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who was the first recorded European to encounter New Zealand and Tasmania. The British explorer Captain James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s as part of his first voyage of exploration.^[2]

The Tasman Sea is informally referred to in both Australian and New Zealand English as The Ditch; for example, crossing the Ditch means travelling to Australia from New Zealand, or vice versa. The diminutive term "The Ditch" used for the Tasman Sea is comparable to referring to the North Atlantic Ocean as "The Pond".

Climate

The south of the sea is passed over by depressions going from west to east. The northern limit of these westerly winds is near to 40°S. During the southern winter, from April to October, the northern branch of these winds from the west changes its direction toward the north and goes up against trade winds. Hence, the sea receives frequent winds from the southwest during this period. In the Australian summer (from November to March) the southern branch of the trade winds goes up against west winds and produces further wind activity in the area.^[3]

Geography

The sea circumscribes a water body of 2,250 kilometres (1,400 miles) wide and 2,300,000 kilometres (1,400,000 miles) in area.^[2] The depth of the sea is 5,493 metres (18,022 feet).^[4]
The base of the sea is made up of globigerina ooze. A small zone of pteropod ooze is found to the south of New Caledonia and to the southern extent of 30°S, siliceous ooze can be found.^[5]

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Tasman Sea as follows:^[6]

On the West. A line from Gabo Island (near Cape Howe, 37°30'S) to the Northeast point of East Sister Island (148°E) thence along the 148th meridian to Flinders Island; beyond this Island a line running to the Eastward of the Vansittart Shoals to [Cape] Barren Island, and from Cape Barren (the Easternmost point of [Cape] Barren Island) to Eddystone Point (41°S) in Tasmania, thence along the East coast to South East Cape, the Southern point of Tasmania.

On the North. The parallel of 30°S from the Australian coast Eastward as far as a line joining the East extremities of Elizabeth Reef and South East Rock (31°47′S 159°18′E / 31.783°S 159.300°E / -31.783; 159.300) then to the Southward along this line to the South East Rock [an outlier of Lord Howe Island].

On the Northeast. From the South East Rock to the North point of Three Kings Islands (34°10′S 172°10′E / 34.167°S 172.167°E / -34.167; 172.167) thence to North Cape in New Zealand.

On the East.

• In Cook Strait. A line joining the South extreme of the foul ground off Cape Palliser (Ngawi) and the Lighthouse on Cape Campbell (Te Karaka).


• In Foveaux Strait (46°45'S). A line joining the Light on Waipapapa Point [sic] (168°33'E) with East Head (47'02'S) of Stewart Island (Rakiura).

On the Southeast. A line running from South West Cape, Stewart Island, through The Snares (48°S, 166°30'E) to North West Cape, Auckland Island (50°30′S 166°10′E / 50.500°S 166.167°E / -50.500; 166.167), through this island to its Southern point.

On the South. A line joining the Southern point of Auckland Island (50°55′S 166°0′E / 50.917°S 166.000°E / -50.917; 166.000) to South East Cape, the Southern point of Tasmania.

Ridge

Smoke from the Black Saturday bushfires crosses the southern Tasman Sea

The Tasman Sea's mid-ocean ridge developed between 85 and 55 million years ago as Australia and Zealandia broke apart during the breakup of supercontinent Gondwana. It lies roughly midway between the continental margins of Australia and Zealandia. Much of Zealandia is submerged, so the ridge runs much closer to the Australian coast than New Zealand's.^[7]

Islands

The Tasman Sea features a number of mid-sea island groups, quite apart from coastal islands located near the Australian and New Zealand mainlands:

• 
  Lord Howe Island (part of New South Wales) ^[8]
  


• 
  Ball's Pyramid (part of New South Wales)^[9]
  


• 
  Norfolk Island, in the extreme north of the Tasman Sea, on the border with the Coral Sea (External Territory)^[10]
  


• 
  Middleton Reef (part of Coral Sea Islands Territory)^[11]
  


• 
  Elizabeth Reef (part of Coral Sea Islands Territory)^[12]
  

Adjoining bodies of water

• North: Coral Sea ^[13]
  


• Northeast and East: Pacific Ocean


• East: Cook Strait
  


• South and Southeast: Southern Ocean
  


• West: Bass Strait^[14]
  

Animal and plant life

A deep-sea research ship, the Tangaroa explored the sea and found 500 species of fish and 1300 species of invertebrates. The tooth of Megalodon, an extinct shark was also found by some researchers.^[15]

History

Moncrieff and Hood were the first to attempt a Trans-Tasman crossing by plane in 1928. The first successful flight over the sea was accomplished by Charles Kingsford Smith later that year. The first person to row solo across the sea was Colin Quincey in 1977. The next successful solo crossing was completed by his son, Shaun Quincey, in 2010.^[16]

See also

• Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters


• Crossing the Ditch


• List of seas


• Coral sea

References

Book sources

• 
  Rotschi, H.; Lemasson, L. (1967), Oceanography of the Coral and Tasman Seas (PDF), Oceanogr Marine Biol Ann Rev, ASIN B00KJ0X6D4
  

External links

• 
  Media related to Tasman Sea at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 40°S 160°E / 40°S 160°E / -40; 160