Tibetan pinyin




The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin, is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in the People's Republic of China for personal names and place names.[citation needed] It is based on the Lhasa dialect of Standard Tibetan and reflects the pronunciation[citation needed] except that it does not mark tone. It is used within China as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script[citation needed] within academic circles; Wylie transliteration (with a v replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.




Contents






  • 1 Overview


    • 1.1 Onsets overview


    • 1.2 Vowels and final consonant




  • 2 Single syllable orthography


    • 2.1 Onsets


    • 2.2 Rimes




  • 3 Intersyllable influence


    • 3.1 Onset variation


    • 3.2 Coda variation


    • 3.3 Examples




  • 4 Examples


  • 5 See also


  • 6 Notes


  • 7 References





Overview



Onsets overview


Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:
































































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ཀ་

ཁ་
ག་

ང་

ཅ་

ཆ་
ཇ་

ཉ་

ཏ་

ཐ་
ད་

ན་

པ་

ཕ་
བ་

མ་

ཙ་

ཚ་
ཛ་

ཝ་

ཞ་
ཤ་

ཟ་
ས་

ཡ་

ར་

ལ་

ཧ་

ཀྱ་

ཁྱ་
གྱ་

ཀྲ་

ཁྲ་
གྲ་

ཧྲ་

ལྷ་

རྷ་
g k ng j q ny d t n b p m z c w x s y r l h gy ky zh ch sh lh rh

For more general case, see #Onsets.



Vowels and final consonant


The 17 vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:































































IPA Tibetan
pinyin		 IPA Tibetan
pinyin
i i ĩ in
e ê ẽ en
ɛ ai/ä ɛ̃ ain/än
a a ã an
u u ũ un
o o õ on
ɔ o
y ü ỹ ün
ø oi/ö ø̃ oin/ön

Ending a syllable, -r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place, -n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:



























IPA Tibetan
pinyin
p b
ʔ g/—
r r
m m
ŋ ng


Single syllable orthography


The tone of a syllable depends mostly on its initial consonant. In this table, each initial is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowel a and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).



Onsets


Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see #Onset variation.




















































































































































































































































































































IPA Wylie transliteration
Tibetan pinyin
pá p, sp, dp, lp b
pà rb, sb, sbr b
mpà lb, ’b b
pʰá ph, ’ph p
pʰà b p
má rm, sm, dm, smr m
mà m, mr m
wà w, db, b[1]
 w
tá t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld d
ntá lth d
tà rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd d
ntà zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d d
tʰá th, mth, ’th t
tʰà d, dw t
ná rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn n
nà n n
lá kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl l
là l, lw l
l̥á lh lh
tsá ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts z
tsà rdz, gdz, brdz z
ntsà mdz, ’dz z
tsʰá tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh c
tsʰà dz c
sá s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr s
sà z, zw, gz, bz s
ʈʂá kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr zh
ʈʂà rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr zh
ɳʈʂà mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br zh
ʈʂʰá khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr ch
ʈʂʰà gr, dr, br, grw ch
ʂá hr sh
rà r, rw r
r̥á rh rh
cá ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky gy
cà rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy gy
ɲcà mgy, ’gy gy
cʰá khy, mkhy, ’khy ky
cʰà gy ky
tɕá c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy j
tɕà rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj, dby j
ɲtɕà lj, mj, ’j, ’by j
tɕʰá ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy q
tɕʰà j, by q
ɕá sh, shw, gsh, bsh x
ɕà zh, zhw, gzh, bzh x
ɲá rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy ny
ɲà ny, my ny
já g.y y
jà y y
ká k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk g
kà rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg g
ŋkà lg, mg, ’g g
kʰá kh, khw, mkh, ’kh k
kʰà g, gw k
ŋá rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng ng
ŋà ng ng
ʔá —, db —
ʔà ’ —
há h, hw h


Rimes


Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[2] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see Coda variation.


Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").

























































































































































































ཨ།

ཨའུ།

ཨར།

ཨལ།
ཨའི།

ཨག།
ཨགས།

ཨབ།
ཨབས།

ཨད།
ཨས།

ཨང༌།
ཨངས།

ཨམ།
ཨམས།

ཨན།
a au ar ai/ä ag ab ai/ä ang am ain/än
[a] [au̯] [aː] [ɛ:] [aʡ] [əp̚] [ɛ] [aŋ] [am]
[ɛ̃ː]


ཨི།

ཨིའུ།
ཨེའུ།

ཨིར།

ཨིལ།
ཨའི།

ཨིག།
ཨིགས།

ཨིབ།
ཨིབས།

ཨིད།
ཨིས།

ཨིང༌།
ཨིངས།

ཨིམ།
ཨིམས།

ཨིན།
i iu ir i ig ib i ing im in
[i] [iu̯] [iː] [iː] [iʡ] [ip̚] [i] [iŋ] [im]
[ĩː]


ཨུ།

ཨུར།

ཨུལ།
ཨུའི།

ཨུག།
ཨུགས།

ཨུབ།
ཨུབས།

ཨུད།
ཨུས།

ཨུང༌།
ཨུངས།

ཨུམ།
ཨུམས།

ཨུན།
u ur ü ug ub ü ung um ün
[u] [uː] [yː] [uʡ] [up̚] [y] [uŋ] [um]
[ỹː]


ཨེ།

ཨེར།

ཨེལ།
ཨེའི།

ཨེག།
ཨེགས།

ཨེབ།
ཨེབས།

ཨེད།
ཨེས།

ཨེང༌།
ཨེངས།

ཨེམ།
ཨེམས།

ཨེན།
ê êr ê êg êb ê êng êm ên
[e] [eː] [eː] [eʡ] [ep̚] [e] [eŋ] [em]
[ẽː]


ཨོ།

ཨོར།

ཨོལ།
ཨོའི།

ཨོག།
ཨོགས།

ཨོབ།
ཨོབས།

ཨོད།
ཨོས།

ཨོང༌།
ཨོངས།

ཨོམ།
ཨོམས།

ཨོན།
o or oi/ö og ob oi/ö ong om oin/ön
[o] [oː] [øː] [oʡ] [op̚] [ø] [oŋ] [om]
[ø̃ː]


Intersyllable influence



Onset variation


Bare low aspirated variation



  • k*, q*, t*, p*, x*, s*, ky*, ch* become g*, j*, d*, b*, ?*, ?*, gy*, zh* respectively


  • pa* (་བ) and po* (་བོ) become wa and wo respectively



Coda variation



Ngoinjug of next syllable

Prenasalization of next syllable



Examples


Sometimes there is intersyllablic influence:
























Tibetan script Tibetan pinyin
Wylie (EWTS)		 Lhasa IPA
 Explanation


མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།
 Mapam Yumco ma-pham g.yu-mtsho
[mapʰam jumtsʰo]
 forward shift of prefix མ


ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ།
 Changzhug Gönba khra-’brug dgon-pa
[ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭uk k˭ø̃p˭a]


Examples













































Tibetan Script Wylie Tibetan pinyin Tournadre other transcriptions


གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ
 Gzhis-ka-rtse Xigazê Zhikatse
Shigatse, Shikatse


བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་
 Bkra-shis-lhun-po Zhaxilhünbo Trashilhünpo
Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc.


འབྲས་སྤུང་
 ’Bras-spung Zhaibung Dräpung Drebung


ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་
 Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan Qoigyi Gyaicain Chökyi Gyältshän
Choekyi Gyaltsen


ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
 Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho Tubdain Gyaco Thuptän Gyatsho
Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso


See also




  • Standard Tibetan

  • Tibetan alphabet

  • Wylie transliteration

  • THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription

  • Hanyu pinyin



Notes





  1. ^ as in Namjagbarwa


  2. ^ Brush, Beaumont. "The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes" (PDF). SIL. Retrieved 9 May 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}




References


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}



  • Zhōngguó Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng hànyǔ pīnyīn Zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ 中国少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法[permanent dead link]

  • Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 / Gazetteer of China. (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997);
    ISBN 7-5031-1718-4. Contains official spellings for place names.


  • Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – Lāsàyīn 藏文拼音教材•拉萨音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (Course in the Pöyig Kigajor of Lhasa dialect; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1983),
    ISBN 7-105-02577-8. Pöyig Kigajor (ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.

  • Wylie, Turrell: A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.

  • David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).


  • The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library)


  • Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN










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