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In general, loyalism is an individual's allegiance toward an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during times of war and revolt. In the United States, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Crown, especially to opponents of the American Revolution and those exiles who went to Canada and Mexico.

The term loyalist was also used during the Spanish Civil War, applying to Republicans who remained loyal to the Spanish Republic against Franco's "Nationalists."

Historical loyalism

18th century North America

Depiction of American Loyalist refugees on their way to the Canadas during the American Revolution.

In North America, the term loyalist characterised colonists who rejected the American Revolution in favour of remaining within the British Empire. American loyalists included royal officials, Anglican clergymen, wealthy merchants with ties to London, demobilised British soldiers, and recent arrivals (especially from Scotland), as well as many ordinary colonists who were conservative by nature and/or felt that the protection of Britain was needed. Colonists with loyalist sympathies accounted for an estimated 15% to 20% of the white colonial population of the day, compared with those described as "Patriots", who accounted for about 40-50% of the population and the rest neutrals. This high level of political polarisation leads historians to argue that the American Revolution was as much a civil war as it was a war of independence from the British Crown.^[1]^[2]^[3]

British military strategy during the American Revolution relied on mobilising loyalist soldiers throughout the Thirteen Colonies. Throughout the war, the British military formed over 100^[4] loyalist line regiments whose strength totaled 19,000 of which 9,700 served most at one time. Including militia and marine forces more than 50,000 served. The Patriots used tactics such as property confiscation to suppress loyalism and drive active loyalists away.^[5] After the war, approximately 80-90% of the Loyalists stayed in the new United States, and adapted to the new conditions and changes of a republic. Of the 62,000 who left by 1784 almost 50,000 sought refuge elsewhere in Lower Canada, Quebec (divided in 1791 into what is now Quebec and Ontario), and the Maritime provinces, and the remainder went to Jamaica, the Bahamas and Britain, often with financial help from the Crown. Most re-settled in the British North American Provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia in present-day Canada. They were joined by 30,000 or more "Late Loyalists" who settled in Ontario in the early 1790s at the invitation of the British administration and given land and low taxes in exchange for swearing allegiance to the King, Liberty's Exiles, American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World, Maya Jasanoff, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, pp. 206-208 for a total of 70,000+ new settlers. There were in fact four waves of emigration: in the years 1774 through 1776 when for example 1300 Tories were evacuated with the British fleet that left Boston for Halifax; the large wave of 50,000 in the years 1783; some few thousands who had stayed in the new Republic but left disenchanted with the fruits of the revolution for Upper Canada between 1784-1790; and the large number 'Late Loyalists,' 30,000, who came in the early 1790s for land, many of the them neutrals during the War, to Upper Canada; they soon outnumbered the original truly committed anti-Republicans, 10,000, who had earlier arrived: some Loyalists about 10% maybe from New Brunswick returned to the States as did an unknown number from Nova Scotia, Christopher Moore, The Loyalists, Revolution, Exile, Settlement, 1984, pp. 244-252 .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}ISBN 0-7710--6093-9. This migration also included Native American loyalists such as Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, the "Black Loyalists" – former slaves who had joined the British cause in exchange for their freedom, and Anabaptist loyalists (Mennonites).^[6]^[7] These Loyalists were the founders of modern English-speaking Canada, and many of their descendants of these King's Loyal Americans still identify themselves with the nominal hereditary title "UEL" (United Empire Loyalist) today. To one degree or another, from ideological reasons or less so mixed with prospects of a better life, "All the Loyalists had taken a stand for the Crown and the British Empire"...whether "from a rigorous toryism to some vague sense that royal government was hardly so evil as its enemies claimed. In Canada this diversity was preserved. The Loyalist communities were rarely unanimous - or placid - in their politics," Moore, op. cit. p, 253. In all close to 100,000 whites, 8,000 blacks and several thousand Indians left between 1774-1790s. Many of their descendants in the hundreds of thousands would be among the 5 million Canadians who immigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1930 and 2 million since 1945.

18th century Ireland

The term loyalist was first used in Irish politics in the 1790s to refer to Protestant British settlers in Ireland who opposed Catholic Emancipation and Irish independence from Great Britain.^[8] Prominent Irish loyalists included John Foster, John Fitzgibbon and John Beresford. In the subsequent Irish Rebellion of 1798, the term ultra loyalist was used to describe those who were opposed to the United Irishmen, who were in support of an independent Irish Republic. In 1795, Ulster loyalists founded the Orange Order and organised the Yeoman Militia, which helped to put down the rebellion. Some loyalists, such as Richard Musgrave, considered the rebellion a Catholic plot to drive Protestant colonists out of Ireland.^[8]

England and Wales

During the early 19th century, nearly every English and Welsh county formed a Loyalist Association of Workers in an effort to counter a perceived threat from radical societies.^[9] The first such association was founded in Westminster on 20 November 1792.

Australia

The Sydney and Parramatta Loyalist Associations, with approximately 50 members each, were formed in 1804 to counter radical societies in those counties, and subsequently helped to put down the Castle Hill convict rebellion later that year.^[10]^[11]

Spain

During the Spanish Civil War, the Republicans who remained loyal to the Spanish Republic against Franco's "Nationalists." were called loyalists.^[12]

Modern loyalism

Northern Ireland

Generally, the term loyalist in Northern Ireland is typified by a militant opposition to Irish republicanism, and also often to Roman Catholicism. It stresses Ulster Protestant identity and community with its own folk heroes and events, such as the misfortunes and bravery of the 36th (Ulster) Division during World War I and the activities of the Orange Order. An Ulster loyalist is most commonly a unionist who strongly favours the political union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, although some may also support an independent Northern Ireland.^[13] In recent times, the term has been used to refer to several loyalist paramilitary groups, such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Red Hand Commando (RHC) and the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).

Although Irish loyalist paramilitaries have claimed to speak on behalf of their communities and unionists in general, their electoral support is minimal and exclusively based in the urban working class. The Progressive Unionist Party, a pro-Belfast Agreement loyalist party, won seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998, 2003 and 2007, but lost them in 2011.

Republic of Ireland

Loyalism in the post-partition Republic of Ireland has declined since independence.^[14] Many southern Irish loyalists and non-loyalists volunteered for service in the British Armed Forces in World War I and World War II, many of them losing their lives or settling in the United Kingdom after the wars.^[15] Partition saw mass movements of southern loyalists to Northern Ireland or to Great Britain,^[16] although small loyalist or neo-unionist groups such as the Reform Movement, the Border Minority Group and the Loyal Irish Union are still active.

Scotland

The Scottish loyalist movement originated during the Industrial Revolution when a significant number of Ulster Protestants migrated to Scotland from Ireland.^[17] In Scotland, a loyalist is someone on the fringes of Scottish unionism who is often strongly supportive of loyalism and unionism, although mainly concentrating on the Irish union issue rather than on Scottish politics.^{[citation needed]} Scottish loyalism is typified by militant opposition to Irish republicanism, Scottish independence and the Roman Catholic Church – particularly the existence of Catholic denominational schools.^{[citation needed]}

Though only consisting of a small fraction of the Scottish population, Scottish loyalism has become more visible through prominent demonstrations of the beliefs of its members since the establishment of a Scottish Parliament. Scottish loyalism is visible through participation at Orange parades with supporters from Rangers, Heart of Midlothian F.C. and Airdrie United.
Loyalists in Scotland mostly live in small working class enclaves in the major urban centres or industrial villages, notably Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Edinburgh, Renfrewshire, Fife, West Lothian and Ayrshire. There are relatively few loyalists in areas such as Aberdeen, the Scottish Borders and the Scottish Highlands.

References

^ Thomas B. Allen (9 November 2010). Tories: fighting for the king in America's first civil war. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-124180-2. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Wallace Brown (1965). The king's friends: the composition and motives of the American loyalist claimants. Brown University Press. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Robert M. Calhoon (1973). The loyalists in Revolutionary America: 1760–1781. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ "Loyalist Institute: List of Loyalist Regiments". Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Alexander Clarence Flick (1901). Loyalism in New York during the American revolution... Columbia university. p. 7. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Murray Barkley (1975). Murray Barkley the Loyalist tradition in New Brunswick:: the growth and evolution of an historical myth, 1825–1914. s.n. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Acadiensis 4 (1975): 3–45;

^ ^a^b Arthur Lyon Cross (1920). A shorter history of England and greater Britain. The Macmillan company. pp. 593–595, 597. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Austin Gee (2003). The British volunteer movement, 1794–1814. Clarendon Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-19-926125-3. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ The Military at Parramatta

^ Keith Coleman; J. T. Knight (1953). Short history of the military forces in N.S.W. from 1788 to 1953. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-312-24177-3. OCLC 231874197.

^ Staff (2011). "Northern Ireland Loyalist Paramilitaries (U.K., extremists)". Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

^ Joseph N. Cleary; Claire Connolly (20 January 2005). The Cambridge companion to modern Irish culture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-521-82009-7. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Richard S. Grayson (20 October 2009). Belfast Boys: how Unionists and Nationalists fought and died together in the First World War. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84725-008-7. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Thomas Hennessey (24 November 1998). Dividing Ireland: World War One and Partition. Psychology Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-0-415-19880-6. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

^ Niall O'Dochartaigh (2004–2005). "Support in Great Britain". A Guide to Ulster Loyalism and Unionism Online. CAIN Web Service. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

External links

American Loyalists

British Ulster Alliance

Ulster-Scots Online

CAIN – University of Ulster

Haldimand Collection

Welsh Loyalists

Scottish Loyalists

[Allen2010-1] Thomas B. Allen (9 November 2010). Tories: fighting for the king in America's first civil war. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-124180-2. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Brown1965-2] Wallace Brown (1965). The king's friends: the composition and motives of the American loyalist claimants. Brown University Press. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Calhoon1973-3] Robert M. Calhoon (1973). The loyalists in Revolutionary America: 1760–1781. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[urlLoyalist_Institute:_List_of_Loyalist_Regiments-4] "Loyalist Institute: List of Loyalist Regiments". Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Flick1901-5] Alexander Clarence Flick (1901). Loyalism in New York during the American revolution... Columbia university. p. 7. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Barkley1975-6] Murray Barkley (1975). Murray Barkley the Loyalist tradition in New Brunswick:: the growth and evolution of an historical myth, 1825–1914. s.n. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[7] Acadiensis 4 (1975): 3–45;

[Cross1920-8] Arthur Lyon Cross (1920). A shorter history of England and greater Britain. The Macmillan company. pp. 593–595, 597. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Gee2003-9] Austin Gee (2003). The British volunteer movement, 1794–1814. Clarendon Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-19-926125-3. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[10] The Military at Parramatta

[ColemanKnight1953-11] Keith Coleman; J. T. Knight (1953). Short history of the military forces in N.S.W. from 1788 to 1953. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[12] Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-312-24177-3. OCLC 231874197.

[13] Staff (2011). "Northern Ireland Loyalist Paramilitaries (U.K., extremists)". Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

[ClearyConnolly2005-14] Joseph N. Cleary; Claire Connolly (20 January 2005). The Cambridge companion to modern Irish culture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-521-82009-7. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Grayson2009-15] Richard S. Grayson (20 October 2009). Belfast Boys: how Unionists and Nationalists fought and died together in the First World War. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84725-008-7. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[Hennessey1998-16] Thomas Hennessey (24 November 1998). Dividing Ireland: World War One and Partition. Psychology Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-0-415-19880-6. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

[17] Niall O'Dochartaigh (2004–2005). "Support in Great Britain". A Guide to Ulster Loyalism and Unionism Online. CAIN Web Service. Retrieved 23 May 2012.

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