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A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), virtual network operator (VNO), or mobile other licensed operator (MOLO), is a wireless communications services provider that does not own the wireless network infrastructure over which it provides services to its customers. An MVNO enters into a business agreement with a mobile network operator to obtain bulk access to network services at wholesale rates, then sets retail prices independently.^[1] An MVNO may use its own customer service, billing support systems, marketing, and sales personnel, or it could employ the services of a mobile virtual network enabler (MVNE).^[2]

History

MVNO agreements with network operators date back to the 1990s, when the European telecom market saw market liberalization, new regulatory frameworks, better 2G network technology, and a subsequent jump in wireless subscriber numbers.^[3][4] Though the new 2G networks more efficiently managed the limited frequency bands allocated to wireless service, new mobile entrants were still limited by their ability to access frequency bands in a restricted spectrum.^[5]

With European markets newly open to competition and new technology enabling better service and cheaper handsets, there was a massive surge in demand for cellular phones.^[4] In the midst of this swell, Sense Communications fought for access to mobile network operator (MNO) spectrum in Scandinavia in 1997.^[6] Sense was able to establish an MVNO agreement with Sonera in Finland, but it failed to persuade MNOs in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.^[7] Sense then appealed to EU regulators, citing provisions that required certain MNOs to allow new entrants interconnection. While Sense's claim was denied, in November 1999, the company signed a service provider agreement with Telia/Telenor Mobile for GSM network capacity access, allowing Sense to offer services to its own customers in Sweden and Norway.^[8]

Despite Sense's initial failure, the regulator in Denmark saw the promise in the MVNO model as a cost-effective route for telecom companies to enter the market and in May 2000, legislation passed that required network operators with significant market power to open up access to their infrastructure.^[9] By August of that same year, the MNO SONOFON had solidified the first viable MVNO agreement with Tele2. This agreement provided Tele2 with access to SONOFON's network for both mobile and roaming services, the latter of which had been requested by (and denied to) Sense Communications. With the new regulations in place, MVNOs in Scandinavia eventually grew to a market share of above 10%.^[10]

By 2008, US wireless subscribers had a choice between around 40 MVNOs. According to the FCC, approximately 7 percent of all U.S. mobile subscribers were served by resellers, including MVNOs, and analysts found that the 15.1 million wireless subscribers served by resellers by the end of 2006 had increased by 1.6 million over the previous year.^[11]

Types

MVNOs are distinguished by their commitment to owning and managing the operational components of the MVNO business model,^[12] consisting of:

• Access to basic network infrastructure, like base stations, transceivers, home location registers, and switching centres.


• Service packaging, pricing, and billing systems, including value-added services like voicemail and missed call notifications.


• Consumer-facing aspects like sales, marketing, and customer relationship management activities like customer care and dispute resolution.

Because MVNOs are effectively defined by their lack of spectrum licenses, an MVNO necessarily will need to have agreements in place to access the network of at least one MNO. The type of MVNO is determined by how "thick" or "thin" a technological layer an MVNO adds over its access to its host MNO's network.

Branded reseller

Sometimes referred to as a "Skinny MVNO", as the reseller almost totally relies on the MVNO's facilities. They do not own any network elements, but may own and operate their own customer care, marketing, and sales operations.

Service Provider

Sometimes referred to as a "Light MVNO". The service provider operates its own customer support, marketing, sales and distribution operations, and has the ability to set its tariffs independently from the retail prices set by the MNO.

Enhanced Service Provider

Sometimes referred to as a "Thick MVNO". The MVNO manages a more complete technical implementation with its own infrastructure which allows the MVNO more control over its offerings. These MVNOs have a heavier focus on branding, customer-ownership, and differentiation through added services like data and SIM applications.

Full MVNO

These MVNOs have a network implementation operating essentially the same technology as a mobile network operator. Full MVNOs only lack their own radio networks.^[13]

Around the world

As of June 2014, 943 MVNOs and 255 MNO sub-brands were active worldwide. This represents a total of almost 1,200 mobile service providers worldwide hosted by MNOs, up from 1,036 in 2012,^[14]

According to GSMA Intelligence, between June 2010 and June 2015, the number of MVNOs worldwide increased by 70 percent, reaching 1,017 in June 2015. ^[15]

As of December 2018, there were 1,300 active MVNOs operating in 79 countries, representing more than 220 million mobile connections – or approximately 2.46% of the total 8.9 billion mobile connections in the world. The eight countries with the largest number of active MVNOs in 2018 was: USA with 139 MVNOs (4.7% market share), Germany with 135 (19.5% market share), Japan 83 (10.6%), UK 77 (15.9%), Australia 66 (13.1%), Spain 63 (11.5%), France 53 (11.2%) and Denmark 49 (34.6% market share).^[16]

In addition to traditional cellular voice and messaging services, in 2014, 120 MVNOs also were offering mobile broadband services.^[17] In Africa, Uganda has registered three MVNOs so far, some having their own network infrastructure within major cities, but acting as an MVNO out of these cities.^[18]

MVNOs target both the consumer and enterprise markets. The majority of MVNOs are consumer-focused and most have a focus on price as their selling point; on average, customers of major carriers spend about 3.4 times as much money on their service as MVNO customers.^[19]

Indian Market also opened up for VNOs - As per TRAI Govt regulations, VNO Policy has been rolled out and Multiple Cable Operators/ISP's/New Players have started Applying and 50+ companies received approval for a Virtual Network Operator (VNO) from the DoT, a majority of the VNO licenses were awarded to Tier 1, 2 & 3 cities.

Multiple Countries MVNOs

Some MVNOs have a presence in multiple countries, either as subsidiaries, joint ventures, or through brand licensing agreements with local partners. i.e. Lycamobile 22 countries, Virgin Mobile 14 countries, Lebara 10 countries, Tesco Mobile 4 countries, Line Mobile 3 countries.

United States

There are 139 MVNOs operating in the U.S., which are estimated to hold about 7 out of every 100 wireless subscribers representing 23 million customers in all. That number has roughly doubled since 2009, thanks to a trend of the larger providers allowing customers to more easily switch networks, and a significant decrease in the cost of wholesale network capacity rates. MVNOs have tended to receive better customer service marks in the U.S. than the big carriers, with Consumer Cellular, Ting, and Republic Wireless topping the Consumer Reports industry customer service satisfaction rankings.

To better compete with MVNOs, which tend to offer service at lower rates^[20] than the major US wireless networks directly, some large American carriers also market wireless service using their own captive MVNOs or alternative brands such as Boost Mobile (Sprint), Cricket Wireless (AT&T) and Wal-Mart Family Mobile (Tracfone). Other notable MVNOs offering lower rates are Lycamobile, ChatSIM, Ultra Mobile, US Mobile, RedPocket and TracFone.^[21]

United Kingdom

The UK had 77 active MVNOs as of December 2018. The MVNOs combined market share was 15.93% of the total UK mobile market, representing 15.3 million connections; that is, 23 out of every 100 subscriber having their mobile phone service with an MVNO.^[22]

Regulation

In 2003, the European Commission issued a recommendation to national telecom regulators to examine the competitiveness of the market for wholesale access and call origination on public mobile telephone networks.^[23] The study resulted in new regulations from regulators in several countries, including Ireland and France forcing operators to open up their networks to MVNOs.^[24][25]

Jordan's top watchdog issued its first MVNO regulations in 2008, facilitating the creation of the first MVNO in the Arab world in 2010.^[26]

The Saudi government is making preparations to permit MVNO services in the country.^[27]

In Brazil, MVNOs are regulated by Anatel, the Brazilian Agency of Telecommunications, in November 2010. As of September 2014 the combined market share of all Brazilian MVNOs was just 0.04%.^[28]

In Thailand, five MVNOs were given a Type II license to operate on the 2100 MHz 3G network of state telecom service TOT Public Company Limited (TOT) in 2009. As of January 2017, two of the original five MVNOs are still in service.^[29]. As of December 2018, the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) had issued 58 MVNO licenses in Thailand, a total of nine have launched, four remain active.^[30]

In India, the Telecom Department under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, accepted a recommendation from the national telecom regulator, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, to permit VNOs in the country, and announced the grant of a unified license for Virtual Network Operators on 31 May 2016.^[31] VNOs have formed an association to represent current regulatory issues impacting their MVNO business viability.^[32]

See also

• 
  Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC)


• List of Europe MNOs


• List of United Kingdom MVNOs


• List of United States MVNOs


• 
  Virtual Network Operator (VNO)

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mobile virtual network operators.