Egftnjytyk

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. For example, the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. Although epitopes are usually non-self proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized (as in the case of autoimmune diseases) are also epitopes.

The epitopes of protein antigens are divided into two categories, conformational epitopes and linear epitopes, based on their structure and interaction with the paratope.^[1] A conformational epitope is composed of discontinuous sections of the antigen's amino acid sequence. These epitopes interact with the paratope based on the 3-D surface features and shape or tertiary structure of the antigen. The proportion of epitopes that are conformational is unknown.^{[citation needed]}

By contrast, linear epitopes interact with the paratope based on their primary structure. A linear epitope is formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids from the antigen.

Function

T cell epitopes

T cell epitopes are presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, where they are bound to MHC molecules. In humans, professional antigen-presenting cells are specialized to present MHC class II peptides, whereas most nucleated somatic cells present MHC class I peptides. T cell epitopes presented by MHC class I molecules are typically peptides between 8 and 11 amino acids in length, whereas MHC class II molecules present longer peptides, 13-17 amino acids in length,^[2] and non-classical MHC molecules also present non-peptidic epitopes such as glycolipids.

Cross-activity

Epitopes are sometimes cross-reactive. This property is exploited by the immune system in regulation by anti-idiotypic antibodies (originally proposed by Nobel laureate Niels Kaj Jerne). If an antibody binds to an antigen's epitope, the paratope could become the epitope for another antibody that will then bind to it. If this second antibody is of IgM class, its binding can upregulate the immune response; if the second antibody is of IgG class, its binding can downregulate the immune response.^{[citation needed]}

Epitope mapping

Epitopes can be mapped using protein microarrays, and with the ELISPOT or ELISA techniques. Another technique involves high-throughput mutagenesis, an epitope mapping strategy developed to improve rapid mapping of conformational epitopes on structurally complex proteins.^[3]

MHC class I and II epitopes can be reliably predicted by computational means alone,^[4] although not all in-silico T cell epitope prediction algorithms are equivalent in their accuracy.^[5]

Epitope tags

Epitopes are often used in proteomics and the study of other gene products. Using recombinant DNA techniques genetic sequences coding for epitopes that are recognized by common antibodies can be fused to the gene. Following synthesis, the resulting epitope tag allows the antibody to find the protein or other gene product enabling lab techniques for localisation, purification, and further molecular characterization. Common epitopes used for this purpose are Myc-tag, HA-tag, FLAG-tag, GST-tag, 6xHis^[6], V5-tag and OLLAS.^[7] Peptides can also be bound by proteins that form covalent bonds to the peptide, allowing irreversible immobilisation^[8] These strategies have also been successfully applied to the development of "epitope-focused" vaccine design.^[9][10]

Neoantigenic determinant

A neoantigenic determinant is an epitope on a neoantigen, which is a newly formed antigen that has not been previously recognized by the immune system.^[11] Neoantigens are often associated with tumor antigens and are found in oncogenic cells.^[12] Neoantigens and, by extension, neoantigenic determinants can be formed when a protein undergoes further modification within a biochemical pathway such as glycosylation, phosphorylation or proteolysis. This, by altering the structure of the protein, can produce new epitopes that are called neoantigenic determinants as they give rise to new antigenic determinants. Recognition requires separate, specific antibodies.

See also

• Epitope binning


• Mimotope


• Odotope


• Polyclonal B cell response


• Protein tag

References

External links

• Antibodies bind to conformational shapes on the surfaces of antigens (Janeway Immunobiology Section 3.8)


• Antigens can bind in pockets or grooves, or on extended surfaces in the binding sites of antibodies (Janeway Immunobiology Figure 3.8)

Epitope prediction methods

• 
  Epitopia: A web-server that predicts B-Cell Epitope using Naive Bayes approach on sequence or structure protein data. ^[1][2]
  


• LBEEP : Harnessing Computational Biology for Exact Linear B-Cell Epitope Prediction: A Novel Amino Acid Composition-Based Feature Descriptor. [1]
  


• 
  Lbtope: Improved Method for Linear B-Cell Epitope Prediction Using Antigen’s Primary Sequence. PLoS ONE 8(5): e62216
  


• 
  BCEP: Prediction of B-cell epitopes using protein 3D structures.

Epitope databases

• MHCBN: A database of MHC/TAP binder and T-cell epitopes


• Bcipep: A database of B-cell epitopes


• SYFPEITHI - First online database of T cell epitopes


• IEDB - Database of T and B cell epitopes with annotation of recognition context - NIH funded


• ANTIJEN - T and B cell epitope database at the Jenner institute, UK


• IMGT/3Dstructure-DB - Three-dimensional structures of B and T cell epitopes with annotation of IG and TR - IMGT, Montpellier, France


• SEDB: A Structural Epitope Database- Pondicheery University, DIT funded


• 
  Epitopes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)