Reference ranges for blood tests










Reference
ranges

In:



  • Blood

  • Urine

  • CSF

  • Feces

  • Vital signs

  • v

  • t

  • e


Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.


Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.


Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Interpretation


    • 1.1 Plasma or whole blood


    • 1.2 Units


    • 1.3 Arterial or venous


    • 1.4 Usual or optimal


    • 1.5 Variability




  • 2 Sorted by concentration


    • 2.1 By mass and molarity


    • 2.2 By units


    • 2.3 By enzyme activity


    • 2.4 White blood cells




  • 3 Sorted by category


    • 3.1 Ions and trace metals


    • 3.2 Acid-base and blood gases


    • 3.3 Liver function


    • 3.4 Cardiac tests


    • 3.5 Lipids


    • 3.6 Tumour markers


    • 3.7 Endocrinology


      • 3.7.1 Thyroid hormones


      • 3.7.2 Sex hormones


      • 3.7.3 Other hormones




    • 3.8 Vitamins


    • 3.9 Toxins


    • 3.10 Hematology


      • 3.10.1 Red blood cells


      • 3.10.2 White blood cells


      • 3.10.3 Coagulation




    • 3.11 Immunology


      • 3.11.1 Acute phase proteins


      • 3.11.2 Isotypes of antibodies


      • 3.11.3 Autoantibodies


      • 3.11.4 Other immunology




    • 3.12 Other enzymes and proteins


    • 3.13 Other electrolytes and metabolites




  • 4 Medication


  • 5 See also


  • 6 Notes


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links


  • 9 Further reading





Interpretation


A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).[2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.



Plasma or whole blood


In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:



  • All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)

  • All values in Hematology – white blood cells

  • Platelet count (Plt)


A few values are for inside red blood cells only:




  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells

  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)



Units




  • Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.


  • Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[3]


  • International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.


  • Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.[4]


  • Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.



Arterial or venous


If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.


Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[5] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[5]



Usual or optimal


Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.


In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.



Variability


Further information: Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,[6] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.[7] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.



Sorted by concentration




By mass and molarity


Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.







Reference ranges for blood tests, sorted logarithmically by mass above the scale and by molarity below. (A separate printable image is available for mass and molarity)



Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).


The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:



  • Numerically: molar concentration × molar mass = mass concentration

  • Measured directly in distance on the scales:



log10⁡molar mass1000=distance to right (decades){displaystyle log _{10}{frac {text{molar mass}}{1000}}={text{distance to right (decades)}}}{displaystyle log _{10}{frac {text{molar mass}}{1000}}={text{distance to right (decades)}}},

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,[8] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.


Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.


The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.




By units


Units don't necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.



Reference ranges for blood tests - by units.png


A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.



By enzyme activity



Reference ranges for blood tests - by enzyme activity.png



White blood cells



Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells.png



Sorted by category



Ions and trace metals


Further information: Trace metal

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.















































































































































































































































































Test
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments

Sodium (Na)		 135,[9] 137[4][10]
 145,[4][10] 147[9]
 mmol/L or mEq/L[9]
 See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
310,[11] 320[11]
 330,[11] 340[11]
 mg/dL

Potassium (K)		 3.5,[4][9] 3.6[10]
 5.0,[4][9][10] 5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[9]
 See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14[12]
 20[12]
 mg/dL

Chloride (Cl)		 95,[9] 98,[13] 100[4]
 105,[9] 106,[13] 110[4]
 mmol/L or mEq/L[9]
 See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
340[14]
 370[14]
 mg/dL

Ionized calcium (Ca)		 1.03,[15] 1.10[4]
 1.23,[15] 1.30[4]
 mmol/L See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
4.1,[16] 4.4[16]
 4.9,[16] 5.2[16]
 mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca) 2.1,[9][17] 2.2[4]
 2.5,[4][17] 2.6,[17] 2.8[9]
 mmol/L
8.4,[9] 8.5[18]
 10.2,[9] 10.5[18]
 mg/dL

Total serum iron (TSI) – male		 65,[19] 76[10]
 176,[19] 198[10]
 µg/dL See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
11.6,[20][21] 13.6[21]
 30,[20] 32,[21] 35[21]
 μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female 26,[10] 50[19]
 170[10][19]
 µg/dL
4.6,[21] 8.9[20]
 30.4[20]
 μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns
 100[19]
 250[19]
 µg/dL
18[21]
 45[21]
 µmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children
 50[19]
 120[19]
 µg/dL
9[21]
 21[21]
 µmol/L

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)		 240,[19] 262[10]
 450,[19] 474[10]
 μg/dL
43,[21] 47[21]
 81,[21] 85[21]
 µmol/L

Transferrin
 190,[22] 194,[4] 204[10]
 326,[4] 330,[22] 360[10]
 mg/dL
25[23]
 45[23]
 μmol/L
Transferrin saturation 20[19]
 50[19]
 %

Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females		 12[24]
 300[24][25]
 ng/mL or µg/L
27[26]
 670[26]
 pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females 12[24]
 150[24] – 200[25]
 ng/mL or µg/L
27[26]
 330[26] – 440[26]
 pmol/L

Ammonia
 10,[27] 20[28]
 35,[27] 65[28]
 μmol/L See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
17,[29] 34[29]
 60,[29] 110[29]
 μg/dL

Copper (Cu)		 70[18]
 150[18]
 µg/dL See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
11[30][31]
 24[30]
 μmol/L

Ceruloplasmin
 15[18]
 60[18]
 mg/dL
1[32]
 4[32]
 μmol/L

Phosphate (HPO42−)		 0.8 1.5[33]
 mmol/L See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[9]
 1.5[9]
 mmol/L
3.0[9]
 4.5[9]
 mg/dL

Zinc (Zn)		 60,[34] 72[35]
 110,[35] 130[34]
 μg/dL See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
9.2,[36] 11[4]
 17,[4] 20[36]
 µmol/L

Magnesium
 1.5,[18] 1.7[37]
 2.0,[18] 2.3[37]
 mEq/L or mg/dL See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
0.6,[38] 0.7[4]
 0.82,[38] 0.95[4]
 mmol/L


Acid-base and blood gases


Further information: Acid-base homeostasis

Further information: Arterial blood gas

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.


Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[5] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[39]







































































































































Test
 Arterial/Venous
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
pH Arterial 7.34,[10] 7.35[9]
 7.44,[10] 7.45[9]
Venous 7.31[40]
 7.41[40]
[H+] Arterial 36[9]
 44[9]
 nmol/L
3.6[41]
 4.4[41]
 ng/dL
Base excess Arterial & venous[40]
 –3[40]
 +3[40]
 mEq/L

Oxygen partial pressure (pO2)		 Arterial pO2
 10,[9] 11[42]
 13,[42] 14[9]
 kPa
75,[9][10] 83[18]
 100,[10] 105[9]
mmHg or torr
Venous 4.0[42]
 5.3[42]
 kPa
30[40]
 40[40]
 mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation Arterial 94,[40] 95,[13] 96[18]
 100[13][18]
 %
Venous Approximately 75[13]

Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)		 Arterial PaCO2
 4.4,[9] 4.7[42]
 5.9,[9] 6.0[42]
 kPa
33,[9] 35[10]
 44,[9] 45[10]
 mmHg or torr
Venous 5.5,[42]
 6.8[42]
 kPa
41[40]
 51[40]
 mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2) Arterial 23[40]
 30[40]
 mmol/L
100[43]
 132[43]
 mg/dL

Bicarbonate (HCO3−)		 Arterial & venous 18[18]
 23[18]
 mmol/L
110[44]
 140[44]
 mg/dL

Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)		 Arterial & venous 21, 22[9]
 27, 28[9]
 mmol/L or mEq/L[9]
134[44]
 170[44]
 mg/dL


Liver function


Further information: Liver function tests






























































































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments

Total protein (TotPro)		 60,[9] 63[10]
 78,[9] 82,[10] 84[18]
 g/L See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin 35[9][45]
 48,[10] 55[9]
 g/L See hypoalbuminemia
3.5[10]
 4.8,[10] 5.5[9]
 U/L
540[46]
 740[46]
 μmol/L
Globulins 23[9]
 35[9]
 g/L

Total bilirubin
 1.7,[47] 2,[9] 3.4,[47] 5[4]
 17,[9][47] 22,[47] 25[4]
 μmol/L
0.1,[9] 0.2,[10] 0.29[48]
 1.0,[9][18] 1.3,[10] 1.4[48]
 mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin 0.0[9] or N/A[4]
 5,[9] 7[4][47]
 μmol/L
0[9][10]
 0.3,[9][10] 0.4[18]
 mg/dL

Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[4])		 5,[49] 7,[10] 8[9]
 20,[9] 21,[13] 56[10]
 U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Female 0.15[4]
 0.75[4]
 µkat/L
Male 0.15[4]
 1.1[4]

Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[4])		 Female 6[50]
 34[50]
 IU/L Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
0.25[4]
 0.60[4]
 µkat/L
Male 8[50]
 40[50]
 IU/L
0.25[4]
 0.75[4]
 µkat/L

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)		 0.6[4]
 1.8[4]
 µkat/L
Female 42[49]
 98[49]
 U/L
Male 53[49]
 128[49]

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)		 5,[49] 8[10]
 40,[49] 78[10]
 U/L
Female 0.63[51]
 µkat/L
Male 0.92[51]
 µkat/L


Cardiac tests




































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments

Creatine kinase (CK)		 Male 24,[52] 38,[10] 60[49]
 174,[18] 320[49]
 U/L or ng/mL
0.42[53]
 1.5[53]
 µkat/L
Female 24,[52] 38,[10] 96[18]
 140,[18] 200[49]
 U/L or ng/mL
0.17[53]
 1.17[53]
 µkat/L
CK-MB 0 3,[10] 3.8,[4] 5[49]
 ng/mL or μg/L[4]
Myoglobin Female 1[54]
 66[54]
 ng/mL or µg/L
Male 17[54]
 106[54]
Cardiac troponin T
 0.01[55]
 ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff




















Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
-more detailed ranges in BNP article

Interpretation Range / Cutoff

Congestive heart failure unlikely
< 100 pg/mL[56][57]
"Gray zone" 100-500 pg/mL[56][57]

Congestive heart failure likely
>500 pg/mL[56][57]


















NT-proBNP
-more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article

Interpretation Age
Cutoff

Congestive heart failure likely
< 75 years
> 125 pg/mL[58]
>75 years >450pg/mL[58]


Lipids


Further information: Blood lipids










































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
Therapeutic target
Triglycerides 10–39 years 54[18]
 110[18]
 mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[59]
or 1.1[59] mmol/L
0.61[60]
 1.2[60]
 mmol/L
40–59 years 70[18]
 150[18]
 mg/dL
0.77[60]
 1.7[60]
 mmol/L
> 60 years 80[18]
 150[18]
 mg/dL
0.9[60]
 1.7[60]
 mmol/L
Total cholesterol
 3.0,[61] 3.6[9][61]
 5.0,[4][62] 6.5[9]
 mmol/L < 3.9 mmol/L[59]
120,[10] 140[9]
 200,[10] 250[9]
 mg/dL < 150 mg/dL[59]
HDL cholesterol Female 1.0,[63] 1.2,[4] 1.3[61]
 2.2[63]
 mmol/L > 1.0[63] or 1.6[61]  mmol/L
40[64] or 60[65] mg/dL
40,[64] 50[66]
 86[64]
 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol Male 0.9[4][63]
 2.0[63]
 mmol/L
35[64]
 80[64]
 mg/dL

LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)
 2.0,[63] 2.4[62]
 3.0,[4][62] 3.4[63]
 mmol/L < 2.5 mmol/L[63]
80,[64] 94[64]
 120,[64] 130[64]
 mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[64]
LDL/HDL quotient n/a 5[4]
 (unitless)


Tumour markers


Further information: Tumour markers



















































































Test
 Patient type
Cutoff
 Unit
 Comments

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)		 44[10]
 ng/mL or µg/L Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) In males and non-pregnant females 5[10]
 IU/l or mU/mL
CA19-9 40[10]
 U/mL Pancreatic cancer
CA-125 30,[67] 35[68]
 kU/L or U/mL

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)		 Non-smokers, 50 years 3.4,[4] 3.6[69]
 μg/L
Non-smokers, 70 years 4.1[69]
Smokers 5[70]

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)		 40-49 years 1.2 - 2.9[71]
 μg/L[4][10] or ng/mL[18]
 More detailed cutoffs in PSA - Serum levels
70-79 years, non-African-American
 4.0 - 9.0[71]
70-79 years, African-American 7.7 - 13[71]
PAP 3[18]
 units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin 5,[72] 15[72]
 ng/L or pg/mL Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[72]
More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article


Endocrinology



Thyroid hormones


Further information: Thyroid function tests






























































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit

Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)		 Adults –
standard range
 0.3,[4] 0.4,[10] 0.5,[18] 0.6[73]
 4.0,[4] 4.5,[10] 6.0[18]
 mIU/L or μIU/mL
Adults –
optimal range
 0.3,[74] 0.5[75]
 2.0,[75] 3.0[74]
Infants 1.3[76]
 19[76]
Free thyroxine (FT4)
-more detailed ranges in
Thyroid function tests article

 Normal adult 0.7,[77] 0.8[10]
 1.4,[77] 1.5,[10] 1.8[78]
 ng/dL
9,[4][79] 10,[80] 12[81]
 18,[4][79] 23[81]
 pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d – 18 y		 0.8[77]
 2.0[77]
 ng/dL
10[79]
 26[79]
 pmol/L
Pregnant 0.5[77]
 1.0[77]
 ng/dL
6.5[79]
 13[79]
 pmol/L
Total thyroxine 4,[80] 5.5[10]
 11,[80] 12.3[10]
 μg/dL
60[80][81]
 140,[80] 160[81]
 nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[80]
 0.5[80]
 ng/dL
3.1[82]
 7.7[82]
 pmol/L
Children 2-16 y 0.1[83]
 0.6[83]
 ng/dL
1.5[82]
 9.2[82]
 pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine
 60,[10] 75[80]
 175,[80] 181[10]
 ng/dL
0.9,[4] 1.1[80]
 2.5,[4] 2.7[80]
 nmol/L

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)		 12[10]
 30[10]
 mg/L

Thyroglobulin (Tg)		 1.5[80]
 30[80]
 pmol/L
1[80]
 20[80]
 μg/L


Sex hormones


Further information: Sex steroid

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.




Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.[84]














































































































































































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
Dihydrotestosterone adult male 30[85]
 85[85]
 ng/dL
Testosterone Male, overall 8,[86] 10[87]
 27,[86] 35[87]
 nmol/L
230,[88] 300[89]
 780[88] – 1000[89]
 ng/dL
Male < 50 years 10[4]
 45[4]
 nmol/L
290[88]
 1300[88]
 ng/dL
Male > 50 years 6.2[4]
 26[4]
 nmol/L
180[88]
 740[88]
 ng/dL
Female 0.7[87]
 2.8[87] – 3.0[4]
 nmol/L
20[89]
 80[89] – 85[88]
 ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[18]
 3.0[18]
 mg/L
0.18[90]
 9.1[90]
 µmol/l
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[18]
 1.0[18]
 mg/L
0.6[90]
 3.0[90]
 µmol/l

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges in separate diagram

 Prepubertal <1[91]
 3[91]
 IU/L
Adult male 1[91]
 8[91]
Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase)		 1[91]
 11[91]
Adult female (Ovulation) 6[91]
95% PI (standard)
 26[91]
95% PI)
5[92]
90% PI (used in diagram)
 15[92]
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female 30[91]
 118[91]

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges in separate diagram

 Female, peak 20[92]
90% PI (used in diagram)
 75[92]
(90% PI)
 IU/L
Female, post-menopausal 15[93]
 60[93]
Male aged 18+ 2[94]
 9[94]

Estradiol
(an estrogen)
-more detailed ranges in
estradiol article

 Adult male 50[95]
 200[95]
 pmol/L
14[96]
 55[96]
 pg/mL
Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase,
and luteal phase)		 70[95]
 500,[95] 600[95]
 pmol/L
19[96]
 140,[96] 160[96]
 pg/mL
Adult female – free (not protein bound) 0.5[97]
 9[97]
 pg/mL
1.7[97]
 33[97]
 pmol/L
Post-menopausal female N/A[95]
 < 130[95]
 pmol/L
N/A[96]
 < 35[96]
 pg/mL

Progesterone
-more detailed ranges
in Progesterone article

 Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23) 17,[92] 35[98]
 92[98]
 nmol/L
6,[92] 11[99]
 29[99]
 ng/mL
Androstenedione Adult male and female 60[93]
 270[93]
 ng/dL
Post-menopausal female < 180[93]
Prepubertal < 60[93]

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
-more detailed ranges
in DHEA-S article

 Adult male and female 30[100]
 400[100]
 µg/dL

SHBG
-more detailed ranges
in SHBG article

 Adult female 40[101]
 120[101]
 nmol/L
Adult male 20[101]
 60[101]

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
-more detailed ranges in
AMH article

 13–45 years 0.7[102]
 20[102]
 ng/mL
5[103]
 140[103]
 pmol/l


Other hormones


Further information: Hormones

















































































































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		 4.4[104]
 18,[105] 22[104]
 pmol/L
20[10]
 80,[106] 100[10]
 pg/mL
Cortisol 09:00 am
 140[107]
 700[107]
 nmol/L
5[108]
 25[108]
 μg/dL
Midnight 80[107]
 350[107]
 nmol/L
2.9[108]
 13[108]
 μg/dL

Growth hormone (fasting)		 0 5[9]
 ng/mL

Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)		 7[9]
 n/a ng/mL

IGF-1
-more detailed ranges in
IGF-1 article

 Female, 20 yrs 110[109]
 420[109]
 ng/mL
Female, 75 yrs 55[109]
 220[109]
Male, 20 yrs 160[109]
 390[109]
Male, 75 yrs 48[109]
 200[109]

Prolactin
-more detailed ranges in
Prolactin article

 Female 71,[110] 105[110]
 348,[110] 548[110]
 mIU/L
3.4,[110] 3.9[110]
 16.4,[110] 20.3[110]
 µg/L
Male 58,[110] 89[110]
 277,[110] 365[110]
 mIU/L
2.7,[110] 3.3[110]
 13.0,[110] 13.5[110]
 µg/L

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		 10,[111] 17[112]
 65,[111] 70[112]
 pg/mL
1.1,[4] 1.8[113]
 6.9,[4] 7.5[113]
 pmol/L

25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
– Standard reference range
 8,[18][114] 9[114]
 40,[114] 80[18]
 ng/mL
20,[115] 23[116]
 95,[116] 150[115]
 nmol/L

25-hydroxycholecalciferol
– Therapeutic target range
 30,[117] 40[118]
 65,[118] 100[117]
 ng/mL
85,[59] 100[118]
 120,[59] 160[118]
 nmol/L
Plasma renin activity 0.29,[119] 1.9[120]
 3.7[119][120]
 ng/(mL·h)
3.3,[121] 21[122]
 41[121][122]
mcU/mL

Aldosterone
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone article

 Adult 19,[121] 34.0[121]
 ng/dL
530,[123] 940[123]
 pmol/L

Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone/renin ratio article

 Adult 13.1,[124] 35.0[124]
 ng/dl per ng/(mL·h)
360,[124] 970[124]
 pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)


Vitamins


Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acid homocysteine.



























































































































































Test
 Patient type
Standard range
Optimal range
 Unit
Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
Vitamin A 30[18]
 65[18]
 µg/dL

Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Serum
 Age > 1 year 3.0[125]
 16[125]
 5[126]
 ng/mL or μg/L
6.8[127]
 36[127]
 11[127]
 nmol/L

Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells
 200[125]
 600[125]
 ng/mL or μg/L
450[127]
 1400[127]
 nmol/L
Pregnant 400[125]
 ng/mL or μg/L
900[125]
 nmol/L

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)		 130,[128] 160[129]
 700,[128] 950[129]
 ng/L
100,[130] 120[4]
 520,[130] 700[4]
 pmol/L

Homocysteine
-more detailed ranges in
Homocysteine article

 3.3,[131] 5.9[131]
 7.2,[131] 15.3[131]
 6.3[59]
 μmol/L
45,[132] 80[132]
 100,[132] 210[132]
 85[59]
 μg/dL

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		 0.4[18]
 1.5[18]
 0.9[59]
 mg/dL
23[133]
 85[133]
 50[59]
 μmol/L

25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		 8,[18][114] 9[114]
 40,[114] 80[18]
 30,[117] 40[118]
 65,[118] 100[117]
 ng/mL
20,[115] 23[116]
 95,[116] 150[115]
 85,[59] 100[118]
 120,[59] 160[118]
 nmol/L
Vitamin E 28[59]
 μmol/L
1.2[59]
 mg/dL


Toxins

























Test
 Limit type
 Limit
 Unit
Lead Optimal health range < 20[13] or 40[18]
 µg/dL
Blood ethanol content Limit for drunk driving
 0,[134] 0.2,[134] 0.8[134]
‰ or g/L
17.4[135]
 mmol/L


Hematology



Red blood cells


These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

















































































































































































































Test
 Patient
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments

Hemoglobin (Hb)		 male 2.0,[136] 2.1[9][137]
 2.5,[136] 2.7[9][137]
 mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
130,[4] 132,[10] 135[9]
 162,[10] 170,[4] 175[9]
 g/L
female 1.8,[136] 1.9[9][137]
 2.3,[136] 2.5[9][136][137]
 mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
120[4][9][10]
 150,[4] 152,[10] 160[9][18]
 g/L

Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin")		 male 8.0,[138] 8.4[138]
 10.0,[138] 10.8[138]
 mmol/L 4 per hemoglobin molecule
female 7.2,[138] 7.6[138]
 9.2,[138] 10.0[138]

Hemoglobin in plasma		 0.16[9]
 0.62[9]
 μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)		 < 50 years 3.6[4]
 5.0[4]
 % of Hb
> 50 years 3.9[4]
 5.3[4]
Haptoglobin < 50 years 0.35[4]
 1.9[4]
 g/L
> 50 years 0.47[4]
 2.1[4]

Hematocrit (Hct)		 Male 0.39,[4] 0.4,[10] 0.41,[9] 0.45[18]
 0.50,[4] 0.52,[10] 0.53,[9] 0.62[18]
Female 0.35,[4] 0.36,[9] 0.37[10][18]
 0.46,[4][9][10] 0.48[18]
Child 0.31[10]
 0.43[10]

Mean cell volume (MCV)		 Male 76,[18] 82[10]
 100,[18] 102[10]
 fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[10]
 101[10]
 fL

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)		 11.5[10]
 14.5[10]
 %

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		 0.39[9]
 0.54[9]
 fmol/cell
25,[9] 27[4][18]
 32,[18] 33,[4] 35[9]
 pg/cell

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		 31,[10] 32[4][18]
 35,[10] 36[4][18]
 g/dL or %[note 1]
4.8,[139] 5.0[139]
 5.4,[139] 5.6[139]
 mmol/L
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) male 4.2,[18] 4.3[4][9][10]
 5.7,[4] 5.9,[9] 6.2,[10] 6.9[18]
 x1012/L
or
mln/mm3
Female 3.5,[9] 3.8,[10] 3.9[4]
 5.1,[4] 5.5[9][10]
Infant/Child 3.8[10]
 5.5[10]
Reticulocytes Adult 26[4]
 130[4]
 x109/L
Adult 0.5[9][10]
 1.5[9][10]
 % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[10]
 4.5[10]
 % of RBC
Infant 0.5[10]
 3.1[10]
 % of RBC


White blood cells


These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.




















































































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)		 Adult 3.5,[4] 3.9,[140] 4.1,[10] 4.5[9]
 9.0,[4] 10.0,[140] 10.9,[10] 11[9]

  • x109/L

  • x103/mm3 or

  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[141]
 30[141]
1 year old 6[141]
 18[141]

Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.3,[4] 1.8,[140] 2[141]
 5.4,[4] 7,[140] 8[141]
 x109/L
45-54[9]
 62,[9] 74 % of WBC
Newborn 6[141]
 26[141]
 x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms
 Adult 0.7[141]
 x109/L
3[9]
 5[9]
 % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 0.7,[4] 1.0[140][141]
 3.5,[140] 3.9,[4] 4.8[141]
 x109/L
16-25[9]
 33,[9] 45 % of WBC
Newborn 2[141]
 11[141]
 x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.1,[4] 0.2[142][143]
 0.8[4][141][143]
 x109/L
3,[9] 4.0 7,[9] 10 % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[141]
 3.1[141]
 x109/L

Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35 % of WBC
CD4+ T cells Adult 0.4,[10] 0.5[13]
 1.5,[13] 1.8[10]
 x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.0,[4] 0.04[143]
 0.44,[143] 0.45,[141] 0.5[4]
 x109/L
1[9]
 3,[9] 7 % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[141]
 0.85[141]
 x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[140]
 100,[4][143] 200,[141] 900[140]
 x106/L
0.0 0.75,[9] 2 % of WBC
Newborn 0.64[141]
 x109/L


Coagulation





















































































Test
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) 140,[10] 150[4][9]
 350,[4][18] 400,[9] 450[10]
 x109/L or
x1000/µL

Mean platelet volume (MPV)		 7.2,[144] 7.4,[145] 7.5[146]
 10.4,[145] 11.5,[146] 11.7[144]
 fL

Prothrombin time (PT)		 10,[13] 11,[9][147] 12[10]
 13,[13] 13.5,[147] 14,[10] 15[9]
 s PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR 0.9[4]
 1.2[4]
 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)		 18,[10] 30[4][13]
 28,[10] 42,[4] 45[13]
 s

Thrombin clotting time (TCT)		 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7,[10] 2.0[4]
 3.6,[4] 4.2[10]
 g/L
Antithrombin 0.80[4]
 1.2[4]
 kIU/L
0.15,[148] 0.17[149]
 0.2,[148] 0.39[149]
 mg/mL
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes
Viscosity 1.5[150]
 1.72[150]
 cP


Immunology



Acute phase proteins


Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.




























































Test
 Patient
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[151]
 mm/h ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[152]
Female (Age+10)÷2[151]

C-reactive protein (CRP)		 5,[4][153] 6[154]
 mg/L
200,[155] 240[155]
 nmol/L

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		 20,[156] 22[157]
 38,[157] 53[156]
 μmol/L
89,[158] 97[4]
 170,[4] 230[158]
 mg/dL
Procalcitonin 0.15[159]
 ng/mL or μg/L


Isotypes of antibodies


Further information: Antibody




































Test
 Patient
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
IgA Adult 70,[4] 110[160]
 360,[4] 560[160]
 mg/dL
IgD 0.5[160]
 3.0[160]
IgE 0.01[160]
 0.04[160]
IgG 800[160]
 1800[160]
IgM 54[160]
 220[160]


Autoantibodies


For clinical associations, see Autoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values[161] are given for the ELISA test.















































































Test
 Negative
 Equivocal
 Positive
 Unit

anti-SS-A (Ro)		 < 15[162]
 15-25[162]
 > 25[162]
 Units
per
millilitre
(U/mL)

anti-SS-B (La)		 < 3[162]
 3–4[162]
 > 4[162]
Anti ds-DNA < 40[162]
 40–60[162]
 > 60[162]
Anti ss-DNA < 8[162]
 8–10[162]
 > 10[162]
Anti-histone antibodies < 25[162]
 n/a[162]
 > 25[162]
Cytoplasmic/classical
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies (c-ANCA)		 < 20[162]
 21–30[162]
 > 30[162]
Perinuclear
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies (p-ANCA)		 < 5[162]
 n/a > 5[162]

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)		 < 10[162]
 n/a[162]
 > 10[162]

Rheumatoid factor (RF)		 < 20 20–30 > 30[10]

Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT) in
preschoolers		 > 100
ASOT at school age > 250[10]
ASOT in adults > 125[10]










































Test
 Negative
 Low/weak positive
 Moderate positive
 High/strong positive
 Unit

Anti-phospholipid IgG		 < 20[162]
 20–30[162]
 31–50[162]
 > 51[162]
 GPLU/ml[162]
Anti-phospholipid IgM < 1.5[162]
 1.5–2.5[162]
 2–9.9[162]
 > 10[162]
 MPL /ml[162]
Anti-phospholipid IgA < 10[162]
 10–20[162]
 21–30[162]
 > 31[162]
arb U/ml[162]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies < 20[162]
 20–39[162]
 40–59[162]
 > 60[162]
 EU[162]


Other immunology















Test
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit

Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio		 0.26[163]
 1.65[163]
 (unitless)


Other enzymes and proteins






























































































Test
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments
Serum total protein 60,[9] 63[10]
 78,[9] 82,[10] 84[18]
 g/L
Further information: Serum total protein § Interpretation

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)		 50[18]
 150[18]
 U/L
0.4[49]
 1.7[49]
 μmol/L
1.8[4]
 3.4[4]
 µkat/L < 70 years old[4]
Amylase 25,[9] 30,[10] 53[18]
 110,[10] 120,[164] 123,[18] 125,[9] 190[49]
 U/L
0.15[4]
 1.1[4]
 µkat/L
200[155]
 240[155]
 nmol/L

D-dimer
-more detailed ranges in D-dimer article

 n/a 500[165]
 ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[166]
0.5[4]
 mg/L
Lipase 7,[10] 10,[18] 23[49]
 60,[10] 150,[18] 208[49]
 U/L

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)		 23[49]
 57[49]
 U/L
Acid phosphatase 3.0[49]
 ng/mL

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)		 2.3[4]
 16[4]
 µg/L


Other electrolytes and metabolites


Electrolytes and metabolites:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.


























































































































































































Test
 Patient type
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments
Osmolality 275,[9] 280,[18] 281[4]
 295,[9] 296,[18] 297[4]
 mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/L Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 3.0[167]
 7.0[167]
 mmol/L BUN – blood urea nitrogen
7[9]
 18,[9] 21[10]
 mg/dL
* Uric acid[10]
 0.18[9]
 0.48[9]
 mmol/L
Female 2.0[18]
 7.0[18]
 mg/dL
Male 2.1[18]
 8.5[18]
 mg/dL
Creatinine Male 60,[4] 68[168]
 90,[4] 118[168]
 μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.7,[169] 0.8[169]
 1.0,[169] 1.3[169]
 mg/dL
Female 50,[4] 68[168]
 90,[4] 98[168]
 μmol/L
0.6,[169] 0.8[169]
 1.0,[169] 1.1[169]
 mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[18]
 35[18]
 –

Plasma glucose (fasting)		 3.8,[9] 4.0[4]
 6.0,[4] 6.1[170]
 mmol/L
See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65,[10] 70,[9] 72[171]
 100,[170] 110[18]
 mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting) 3.3[4]
 5.6[4]
 mmol/L
60[171]
 100[171]
 mg/dL
Random glucose 3.9[172]
 7.8[172]
 mmol/L
70[173]
 140[173]
 mg/dL

Lactate (Venous)		 4.5[18]
 19.8[18]
 mg/dL
0.5[174]
 2.2[174]
 mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[18]
 14.4[18]
 mg/dL
0.5[174]
 1.6[174]
 mmol/L
Pyruvate 300[18]
 900[18]
 μg/dL
34[175]
 102[175]
 μmol/L
Ketones 1[176]
 mg/dL
0.1[176]
 mmol/L


Medication









































Test
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Unit
 Comments
Digoxin 0.5[177]
 2.0[177]
 ng/mL Narrow therapeutic window
0.6[177]
 2.6[177]
 nmol/L
Lithium 0.4,[178] 0.5,[179][180] 0.8[181]
 1.3[179][180]
 mmol/L Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol 30[182]
 mg/L Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
200[182]
 µmol/L


See also



  • Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures

  • Comprehensive metabolic panel

  • Medical technologist

  • Reference range



Notes





  1. ^ The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.




References





  1. ^ "Reference Ranges and What They Mean". Lab Tests Online (USA). Retrieved 22 June 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Page 19 in: Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard (2008). Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-10186-1.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  3. ^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology
    By Richard C. Dart
    Edition: 3, illustrated
    Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004

    ISBN 0-7817-2845-2,
    ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4
    1914 pages


  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdw Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008


  5. ^ abc Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour


  6. ^ Abbassi-Ghanavati, M.; Greer, L. G.; Cunningham, F. G. (2009). "Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 114 (6): 1326–31. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8. PMID 19935037.


  7. ^ Armbruster, David; Miller (August 2007). "The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results". The Clinical Biochemist Reviews. 28 (3): 105–14. PMC 1994110. PMID 17909615.


  8. ^ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009


  9. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdd Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-149868-5.


  10. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadb Normal Reference Range Table Archived 2011-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.


  11. ^ abcd Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1


  12. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1


  13. ^ abcdefghijklm MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003


  14. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1


  15. ^ ab Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–65. PMID 709830.


  16. ^ abcd Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1


  17. ^ abc Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1


  18. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybz Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine. Bloodbook.Com


  19. ^ abcdefghijkl Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. Retrieved 2006-07-06.


  20. ^ abcd Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. July 15, 2005


  21. ^ abcdefghijklm Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1


  22. ^ ab Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)


  23. ^ ab Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass


  24. ^ abcd Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network


  25. ^ ab Andrea Duchini. "Hemochromatosis Workup". Medscape. Retrieved 2016-07-14. Updated: Jan 02, 2016


  26. ^ abcde Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1


  27. ^ ab Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<1084:MCCAHH>2.0.CO;2 (inactive 2018-10-20). PMID 11473464.CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


  28. ^ ab Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690.


  29. ^ abcd Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol


  30. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1


  31. ^ "Reference range for copper". GPnotebook.


  32. ^ ab Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa


  33. ^ Walter F. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2328-9. Page 849


  34. ^ ab "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2010-01-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  35. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol


  36. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol


  37. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol


  38. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol


  39. ^ Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006). "Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate". Emerg Med J. 23 (8): 622–24. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915. PMC 2564165. PMID 16858095.


  40. ^ abcdefghijkl The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009


  41. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1


  42. ^ abcdefgh Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg


  43. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol


  44. ^ abcd Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol


  45. ^ "Reference range (albumin)". GPnotebook.


  46. ^ ab Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD


  47. ^ abcde Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol


  48. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol


  49. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrs Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004.
    ISBN 3-437-15120-7,
    ISBN 978-3-437-15120-0. Length: 1288 pages


  50. ^ abcd GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009


  51. ^ ab "Gamma-GT". Leistungsverzeichnis. Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.


  52. ^ ab "Creatine kinase". GPnotebook.


  53. ^ abcd Page 585 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0.


  54. ^ abcd Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010


  55. ^ Ashvarya Mangla. "Troponins". medscape. Retrieved 2017-07-24. Updated: Jan 14, 2015


  56. ^ abc Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, et al. (May 2006). "Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study". American Heart Journal. 151 (5): 1006–11. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017. PMID 16644322.


  57. ^ abc Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, et al. (January 2006). "Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study". The American Journal of Medicine. 119 (1): 69.e1–11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029. PMID 16431187.


  58. ^ ab Page 220 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0.


  59. ^ abcdefghijklmn Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Archived 2009-05-29 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on July 9, 2009


  60. ^ abcdef Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009


  61. ^ abcd Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol


  62. ^ abc "Reference range (cholesterol)". GPnotebook.


  63. ^ abcdefgh Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007


  64. ^ abcdefghij Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol


  65. ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009


  66. ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol


  67. ^ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009


  68. ^ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011


  69. ^ ab Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 68 (8): 1–12. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108.


  70. ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet


  71. ^ abc Luboldt, Hans-Joachim; Schindler, Joachim F.; Rübben, Herbert (2007). "Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer". EAU-EBU Update Series. 5 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003. ISSN 1871-2592.


  72. ^ abc Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P (October 2004). "Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children". Clinical Chemistry. 50 (10): 1828–30. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963. PMID 15388660.


  73. ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition


  74. ^ ab 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists


  75. ^ ab The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006


  76. ^ ab Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). Retrieved 2007-04-13. – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors


  77. ^ abcdef Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free Archived 2010-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. UNC Health Care System


  78. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol


  79. ^ abcdef Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol


  80. ^ abcdefghijklmno Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays Archived 2011-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Thyroid Disease Manager


  81. ^ abcd van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P (July 2008). "Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (7): 1239–41. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428. PMID 18593963.


  82. ^ abcd Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol


  83. ^ ab Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 14 (9): 1635–9. doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635. PMID 11795654. INIST:13391788.


  84. ^ Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.001.


  85. ^ ab
    Life Extension Foundation > Blood Testing Protocols


  86. ^ ab Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis


  87. ^ abcd Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol


  88. ^ abcdefg Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol


  89. ^ abcd MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director


  90. ^ abcd Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol


  91. ^ abcdefghij reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009


  92. ^ abcdef Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (7): 883–87. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638.


  93. ^ abcdef New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges[permanent dead link] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009


  94. ^ ab Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum Archived 2016-09-25 at the Wayback Machine., retrieved December 2012


  95. ^ abcdefg GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009


  96. ^ abcdefg Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol


  97. ^ abcd Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.


  98. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol


  99. ^ ab Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 Pg 350-352


  100. ^ ab Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum Archived 2018-03-14 at the Wayback Machine. at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012


  101. ^ abcd Unit Code 91215 Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011


  102. ^ ab Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.


  103. ^ ab Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:

    • Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T (2011). "Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve" (PDF). Physiological Research. 60 (2): 217–23. PMID 21114374.



  104. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009


  105. ^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. Retrieved 2008-11-09. Check date values in: |date= (help)


  106. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009


  107. ^ abcd Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009


  108. ^ abcd Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol


  109. ^ abcdefgh Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 18 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337.


  110. ^ abcdefghijklmnop Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008). "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.


  111. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa


  112. ^ ab Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract. 12 (2): 137–44. doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460.


  113. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa


  114. ^ abcdef Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol


  115. ^ abcd Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.


  116. ^ abcd Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. (September 2004). "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (3): 752–58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752. PMID 15321818.


  117. ^ abcd Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–07. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329.


  118. ^ abcdefgh Vasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005). "Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy". BMJ. 331 (7508): 108–09, author reply 109. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. PMC 558659. PMID 16002891.


  119. ^ ab Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:

    • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. University of

    Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011


  120. ^ ab Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (7): 3137–41. PMID 2893797.


  121. ^ abcd New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011


  122. ^ ab Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:

    • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. University of

    Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011


  123. ^ ab Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol


  124. ^ abcd Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (1): 72–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.117.5182. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077.


  125. ^ abcdef Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009


  126. ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009


  127. ^ abcde Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1


  128. ^ ab GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009


  129. ^ ab Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol


  130. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol


  131. ^ abcd The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine


  132. ^ abcd Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol


  133. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol


  134. ^ abc For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country


  135. ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol


  136. ^ abcde Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–19. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049.


  137. ^ abcd Normal Lab Values Archived 2014-12-16 at the Wayback Machine. at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013


  138. ^ abcdefgh molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010). "Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected". Annals of Hematology. 89 (2): 209. doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x. PMID 19609525.


  139. ^ abcd Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–519. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049.. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L


  140. ^ abcdefgh lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009


  141. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstu Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.


  142. ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,


  143. ^ abcde gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009


  144. ^ ab Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA (2011). "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study". Thromb. Res. 128 (4): 358–60. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007. PMID 21620440.


  145. ^ ab Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010


  146. ^ ab Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A (1998). "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]". Med Clin (Barc) (in Spanish). 110 (20): 774–77. PMID 9666418.


  147. ^ ab MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652


  148. ^ ab Antithrombin III at eMedicine


  149. ^ ab Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
    • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327-358.



  150. ^ ab [1] Retrieved on November 20, 2009


  151. ^ ab Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". British Medical Journal. 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065.


  152. ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J. 2 (5544): 85–87. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854.


  153. ^ "C-reactive protein". GPnotebook.


  154. ^ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)


  155. ^ abcd Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol


  156. ^ ab Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 25 (3): 274–75. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252.


  157. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol


  158. ^ ab Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol


  159. ^ "Procalcitonin, Serum". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2015-03-01.


  160. ^ abcdefghij The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009


  161. ^ All values cited from Chronolab are given for ELISA


  162. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaq chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010


  163. ^ ab Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. (August 2005). "Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 106 (3): 812–17. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038. PMC 1895159. PMID 15855274.


  164. ^ "Reference range (amylase)". GPnotebook.


  165. ^ Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (22): 2589–93. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589. PMID 12456231.


  166. ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical Chemistry. 51 (5): 825–29. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641.


  167. ^ ab Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 33 (4): 380–85. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337.


  168. ^ abcd Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373.


  169. ^ abcdefgh Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL


  170. ^ ab MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test


  171. ^ abc Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol


  172. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol


  173. ^ ab "Diabetes – Prevention". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2016-06-23. Last revised 1/15/2013


  174. ^ abcd Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol


  175. ^ ab Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol


  176. ^ ab Ketones at eMedicine


  177. ^ abcd Page 700 in:
    Richard C. Dart (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004. ISBN 9780781728454.


  178. ^ The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/l plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011


  179. ^ ab Amdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication". J. Anal. Toxicol. 2 (5): 193–202. doi:10.1093/jat/2.5.193.


  180. ^ ab R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.


  181. ^ One study (Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (10): 1301–07. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301. PMID 8831438.) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/l. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (7): 1155–59. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155. PMID 12091193.) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels[improper synthesis?]


  182. ^ ab John Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455749874.




External links



  • Descriptions at amarillomed.com

  • Values at lymphomation.org



Further reading



  • Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data". bioRxiv 213892.








-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun

圖片
12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun Type 89 gun mounted on Chitose Type Naval gun anti-aircraft gun Place of origin Japan Service history In service 1932–45 Used by Imperial Japanese Navy Wars World War II Production history Designed 1928–32 Produced 1932–45 No.  built ~1500 Variants Type 88 Specifications Mass 3,100 kilograms (6,834 lb) Barrel length 5,080 millimeters (16 ft 8 in) (bore length) Shell Fixed Shell weight 20.9–23.45 kilograms (46.1–51.7 lb) Caliber 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Breech horizontal breech block Elevation -8° to +90° [1] Rate of fire 8-14 rounds per minute Muzzle velocity 720–725 meters per second (2,360–2,380 ft/s) Maximum firing range 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at 90° (AA ceiling) 14,800 meters (48,600 ft) at 45° The 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun was a Japanese anti-aircraft (AA) gun introduced before World War II. It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's standard heavy AA...
閱讀完整內容

Rikitea

圖片
Town in French Polynesia, France Rikitea Town Rikitea Location in French Polynesia Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Coordinates: 23°7′13″S 134°58′9″W  /  23.12028°S 134.96917°W  / -23.12028; -134.96917 Country   France Overseas collectivity   French Polynesia Territory Gambier Islands Island Mangareva Rikitea is a small town on Mangareva, which is part of the Gambier Islands in French Polynesia. A majority of the islanders live in Rikitea. [1] [2] The island was a protectorate of France in 1871 and was annexed in 1881. [3] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Landmarks 5 Transportation 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History The town's history dates to the era when the island was first settled with people from the Marquesas Islands in 1100 AD. Captain James Wilson of the London Missionary Society arrived in 1797 on Du...
閱讀完整內容

University of Vienna

圖片
"Vienna University" redirects here. For Vienna University of Economics and Business, see Vienna University of Economics and Business. University of Vienna Universität Wien Type Public Established 1365 Budget € 544 million [1] Rector Heinz Engl Academic staff 6,765 Administrative staff 3,106 Students 94,000 [2] Postgraduates 16,490 Doctoral students 8,945 Location Main building, Vienna , Austria 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Coordinates: 48°12′47″N 16°21′35″E  /  48.21306°N 16.35972°E  / 48.21306; 16.35972 Campus Urban Colors Blue and White           Affiliations Campus Europae, EUA, UNICA Website www.univie.ac.at/en Data as of 2016 [update] The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the Ge...
閱讀完整內容